BASICS OFOF

BASICS BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Bio Signals - Examples
 BIOSIGNALS
Name of Bio- electric Frequency range in Hz Voltage μV Type of Electrodes used Origin
Signal

Surface
Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes are Heart
0.05 to 100 10 – 5000 used with jelly. muscles.
Needle electrodes
are also used.
Electro Encephalogram Surface electrode
Activity of
(EEG) 0.1 to 100 2 – 200 or needle
the brain.
electrode
It has pulse Deep needle
Cerebral potential duration. 10-100000 Cerebrum
electrodes are used.
0.6 ms – 0.1 sec of the
brain.
Electromyogram (EMG) 5–2K 20 – 5000 Surface
electrodes or Skin muscles.
needle electrodes
are used.
Name of Bio- electric Frequency range Voltage Type of Electrodes Origin
Signal in Hz μV used
Peristaltic
Electrogastrogram 0.05 – 0.2 10 – 350 Surface electrodes movement of
(EGG) are used the gastro-
intestinal
tract
Corneal
Electroretinogram electrode Retina of the
0.01 – 200 -
(ERG) (dedicated to eye
ERG)
Electrooculogram Corneal
Miniature surface
(EOG) - 10 – retinal
3500 electrodes are used
potential
 EEG
(Electroencephalogram)
EEG (Electroencephalogram)

•The Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of

the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp
STRUCTURE OF BRAIN
 STRUCTURE OF BRAIN
• Medulla - Control the functions like breathing, heart rate, kidney functions , etc.
• Pons is an interconnecting area. Some of nuclei in pons are responsible for face expressions.
Some relays in Pons are responsible for auditory system.
• Cerebellum- to maintain their balance
• Thalamus: It contains many relays for visual, auditory systems
• Hypothalamus: center for emotions in the brain. It contains nuclei which are responsible for
eating, drinking, sleeping, emotional behaviour of the human being.
• Cerebral cortex: This is important part of cerebrum. It contains 9 – 12 billion neurons in
human brain.
STRUCTURE OF BRAIN
TYPES OF LOBES
TYPES OF LOBES
Why EEG is Used??

 To diagnose & manage Epilepsy.

 Used to investigate other conditions such as head injuries,
brain tumors, dementia, hemorrhage who are in a coma.
 Identify areas of the brain that are not working properly.
Types of Brain Waves
Types of Brain Waves

• Alpha Waves
• Beta Waves
• Delta Waves
• Theta Waves
 Alpha Waves
 Alpha waves are found in normal persons(resting state), when they are awake.

 They occur in occipital region

 Alpha waves are 8-12 Hz.

 Alpha waves are present, they indicate a calm & relaxed state.
 Beta Waves
• Beta waves are recorded from parietal & frontal region of scalp.

• Beta waves are 12-30 Hz

• Divided into 2 types:

 Beta 1 which is inhibited by cerebral activity

 Beta 2 excited by mental activity like tension.

 Theta Waves
• Theta waves are recorded from temporal region of scalp from children.

• They occur during stress & frustration.

• Theta waves are 4-8 Hz.

• Brain disorders (Adult, children, premature, serious brain

disorders).
Delta Waves
• Delta waves are recorded from cortex region.
• They occur deep sleep in premature babies & incases of brain
diseases.
• Delta waves are 1- 4Hz.
• Delta waves observed while dreaming & drowsiness.
• 2-3 seconds gets in the waves.
Summary of EEG Waves
Summary of EEG Waves
Other EEG Waves
10-20 lead Electrode
System
Location of Electrodes
Location of Electrodes
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Electrode placement
Placement of Electrodes
Electrodes Used to Measure EEG

Ear Clip Electrodes

Disk Electrodes

Intracortical Electrodes
EEG Recording Mode

• Unipolar Mode:
• Potential of each electrode can be measured with respect to one reference
electrode
• Average Mode (Wilson Mode):

• Potential can be measured with respect to one electrode and average of

all other electrodes
• Bipolar Mode:

• Potential can be measured between successive pair of electrodes which

are closely spaced.
Procedure for Recording EEG
• A Standard non-invasive EEG takes about 1 hour.

• The patient will be positioned on a padded bed of table or in comfortable

chair.
• To measure the electrical activity in various part of the brain a nurse or EEG
technician will attach 16 to 20 electrodes to the scalp.
• The brain generates electrical impulses that these electrodes will pick up.
Then a temporary glue will be used to attach them to the skin.
EEG Recorder
 EEG Recorder

 21-electrode system is used.

 Electrodes are connected to 8-channel selector.

 Output from 8-channel connector goes to the differential amplifier bank.

 Differential Amplifier is made of preamplifiers that are used to reduce noise.

 The output obtained from differential amplifier is connected with signal

processing unit. After further processing, the display unit displays the data.
EEG Recorder

• This system helps to record the potentials generated from the

sensory parts of the brain.
• To achieve this, output unit is connected with audio stimulus,
visual stimulus and touch stimulus. It can also measure the time
delay between stimulus and response from brain.
• For the output recording, either pen recorder or CRO can be used.
EEG Recorder
EEG Recorder
Evoked Potential

• Responses to external stimuli like light, sound etc

• External stimulus are detected by the sense organs
which cause changes in the electrical activity of the
brain.
• Also called “Event related Potential”
Applications of
EEG
• Epilepsy diagnosis.
• Anesthetic level.
• Brain injury.
• Monitoring during
surgery.
Other Applications of
EEG
• BCI/Neuro Feedback
• Child measurements
• Cochlear Implant research
• Cognitive Disorders
• Developmental Disorders & Psychology
• Hyperscanning (multi-subject measurements)
• Movement/Balance (with longer probe cables)
• Infant Monitoring
• Neuropsychiatry
• Social Interaction
• Speech/Language
• Stroke and Rehabilitation research