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Emission Control
Emission Control
Emission Control
CO CO2 CH4 Others N2O NO NO2 SO2 SO3 Particles Smoke
Poison Aerosols Soot
Poison GHG GHG Carcinogens GHG P C Smog P C Smog Visibility Acid Rain Acid Rain
P C Smog OD GHG Acid Rain
Visibility
Irritation
I.C ENGINE EMISSIONS
EVAPORATIVE CRANKCASE EXHAUST
UBHC UBHC
A: Major contributor
B: Secondary influence
Evaporative Emission Control:
1. CO
1. NO
1. HC
CO Formation
• Primarily dependent on the equivalence ratio.
• Levels of CO observed are lower than the maximum values
measured within the combustion chamber
of flame.
• Mixture that burns early is compressed to higher temperatures after
combustion, as the cylinder pressure continues to rise.
• Mixture that burns later is compressed primarily as unburned mixture
and ends up after combustion at a lower burned gas temperature.
O + N2 NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N + OH NO + H
• Assuming equilibrium concentrations for O, O2, N2, OH and H
corresponding to the equivalence ratio and burned gas fraction of the
mixture we obtain the rate-limited concentration profile. The NO
concentration corresponding to chemical equilibrium can also be
obtained.
Depending on details of engine operating conditions, the rate limited
concentrations may or may not come close to equilibrium levels at
peak cylinder pressure and gas temperature.
• The amount of decomposition from peak NO levels, which occurs
during expansion depends on engine conditions as well as whether
the mixture element burned early or late.
• The earlier burning fractions of the charge contribute much more to
the exhausted NO than do later burning fractions of the charge.
• Frozen NO concentrations in these early-burning
elements can be an order of magnitude higher
than concentrations in late burning elements.
• In the absence of vigorous bulk gas motion, the
highest NO concentrations occur nearest the
spark plug.
• These descriptions of NO formation in the SI
engine have been confirmed by experimental
observations.
Among the major engine variables that affect
NO emissions are
1. Equivalence Ratio
2. Burned gas fraction (Residual gas plus EGR
if any)
3. Excess air
4. Spark Timing
HC Formation:
The sequence of processes involved in the engine out HC emissions is:
1. Storage
2. In-cylinder post-flame oxidation
3. Residual gas retention
4. Exhaust oxidation
HC Sources
1. Quench Layers
• These are narrow volumes present around the surface of the combustion
chamber, having high surface-to-volume ratio into which flame will not
propagate.
• They are present between the piston crown and cylinder liner, along the
gasket joints between cylinder head and block, along the seats of the intake
and exhaust valves, space around the plug center electrode and between spark
plug threads.
• During compression and combustion, these crevice volumes are filled with
unburned charge. During expansion, a part of the UBHC-air mixture leaves
the crevices and is oxidized by the hot burned gas mixture.
• The exhaust HC was primarily unreacted fuel and not oil or oil-derived compounds.
• It has been proposed that fuel vapor absorption into and desorption from
oil layers on the walls of the combustion chamber could explain
the presence of HC in the exhaust.
4. Deposits
• Deposit buildup on the combustion chamber walls (which occurs in vehicles
over several thousand kilometers) is known to increase UBHC emissions.
Flame extinction in the bulk gas before the flame front reaches the wall is a
source of HC emissions under certain engine operating conditions.
Exhaust Emission Control:
• Catalytic reactors must have low thermal inertia, that is, it must be
constructed of material, which have low specific heat but high thermal
conductivity. Hence warm up time to operating temperature will be less.