Cell Physiology

Transport of Substance
Mary Amalia PTRP
 ECF vs ICF
ECF ICF
• Increase Na, CL • Decrease Na, Cl
• Decrease K • Increase K, phosphate,
protein
 Transport process
Passive process Active process
• Energy source? • Energy source?
• “downhill” • “uphill”
• Types: • Types:
– Diffusion – Primary active transport
• Simple diffusion – Secondary active transport
• Facilitated diffusion • Antiporters
– Osmosis • Symporters
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
 Diffusion
Simple diffusion
• (-) carrier protein
• Inc Rate of diffusion= inc
concentration of substance
• Nonpolar, hydrophobic
molecules: oxygen, carbon
dioxide, fatty acids, steroids,
fat soluble vitamins (vit.
ADEK)
• Small uncharged: water and
urea
Facilitated diffusion/ carrier mediated
diffusion
• (+) carrier protein
– Channel mediated: gate
– Carrier mediated: change in shape
– For solutes too polar or highly
charged: Integral protein assists
– Typically: K and Cl; few only: Na and
Cl
– Slower than simple diffusion
• Rate of diffusion: can never be
grater than rate at which carrier
protein molecule can undergo
change back and forth between its
two states
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
• Concentration
difference
• Membrane
electric potential
• Pressure
difference across
membrane
 Diffusion
Diffusion of lipid soluble thru lipid
bilayer
• Rate of diffusion= lipid
solubility
• Inc solubility: oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide
and alcohol
Diffusion of water and other lipid
insoluble
• Water is insoluble in lipid
membrane. But readily pass
thru channel : aquaporins
• Lipid insoluble molecules:
can pass thru protein pore
channel if small
– Inc size, dec penetration
Selective permeability of protein channels

• Sodium channel
– Negatively charged
– Attract small dehydrated Na
• Potassium channel
– Smaller than sodium channel
– Not negatively charged
– No pulling away of water because hydrated K is
smaller than hydrated Na
• Na attracts more water than potassium
 Gating of protein channels
• 2 ways
– Voltage gating
– Chemical (ligand) gating
 Gating of protein channels
Voltage gating Chemical gating
• Electric potential across cell • Binding of chemical to
membrane protein channel cause
• Basic mechanism for conformational change
eliciting action potential • Ach channel
– Opening of K channel
terminated AP
 Osmosis
• Passive, net movement of water thru aquaporins
• High water concentration  Low water
concentration
• Low solute  high solute
• Hydrostatic pressure: force of water to move back
to left arm
• Osmotic pressure: proportional to concentration of
solute particles that cannot pass across membrane
• The exact amount of pressure required to stop
osmosis is called the osmotic pressure of the
sodium chloride solution.
• What is the difference between oncotic
pressure and hydrostatic pressure?
 Tonicity
Hypotonic solution Hypertonic
• Cell swell  hemolysis • Cell shrink  crenation
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTY
• Na-K pump • INDIRECTLY uses energy
– Crucial for MAINTAINING CELL
VOLUME AND ABILITY TO • Transport protein using
GENERATE AP energy from Na
– All cells has sodium potassium concentration gradient
pump
• GOAL: MAINTAIN LOW SODIUM IN
– CO TRANSPORT
CYTOSOL – COUNTER TRANSPORT
– Potassium and sodium slowly leak
back across plasma membrane
down to their concentration
gradient so Na-K pump need to
work nonstop!
• Primary active transport of Ca
ions
• Primary active transport of
 Active transport
• Primary active • (1) in the gastric glands
transport of Calcium of the stomach: Parietal
– LOW Ca concentration in cells: HCl and
cytosol • (2) in the late distal
• 2 primary active tubules and cortical
transport calcium collecting ducts of the
pumps. kidneys: intercalated
cells: elimination of
excess hydrogen ion
thru urine
 Secondary active transport
Sodium- potassium pump establishes: high
concentration outside the cell and very low
concentration inside  ENERGY
 Secondary active transport
Co-Transport of Glucose and Amino Acids
Along with Sodium Ions
• epithelial cells of the intestinal tract and
• the renal tubules of the kidneys to
promote absorption of these substances
into the blood,
Sodium Counter-Transport of Calcium and
Hydrogen Ions
• Na- Ca transport occurs
through all or almost all cell
membranes (Na in, Ca out)
• Sodium-hydrogen counter-
transport- proximal tubules
of kidneys
Active Transport Through
Cellular Sheets

mechanisms by which
almost all the
nutrients, ions, and
other substances are
absorbed into
the blood from the
intestine; they are also
the way the
same substances are
reabsorbed from the
glomerular
filtrate by the renal
tubules.
Active Transport Through
Cellular Sheets
(1)intestinal
epithelium,
(2) epithelium of the
renal tubules,
(3) epithelium of all
exocrine glands,
(4) epithelium of the
gallbladder
(5) membrane of the
choroid plexus of the
brain and other
membranes.