CONCRETE

Concrete – is an artificial stone as a result

of mixing cement, fine aggregates, course
aggregates and water. The outcome of
these materials producing a solid mass
called Plain Concrete. Concrete in which
reinforcement ( RSB) is embedded in a way
that the two materials act together in
resisting forces is called a Reinforced
Concrete.
Concrete Beams
Concrete Columns
Foundation
Workability of Concrete
 The property of freshly mixed concrete that
determines the ease with which it can be mixed,
placed, consolidated, and finished to a
homogeneous condition.
Characteristic of Concrete With Good
Workability
1. Consistency
2. Plasticity
3. Mobility
Honeycomb
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
1. Compressive strength - It measures the
ability of concrete to withstand loads that
will decrease the size of the concrete.
2. Tensile strength - the ability of concrete
to resist breaking or cracking under
tension.
3.  Flexural strength - It is defined as a
measure of an unreinforced concrete slab
or beam to resist failure in bending. 
 Concrete's compressive strength
requirements can vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa)
for residential concrete to 4000psi (28 MPa).
Concrete Mixture
Concrete mix ratios are the proportions of
concrete components such as cement, sand,
aggregates and water. These mix ratios are
decided based on type of construction and
mix designs.
The two methods adopted in proportioning
concrete mixture is either by volume or by
weight measure.
1 bag Cement (m) = 40 kg.
Density (ρcement )= 1,440 kg/m³
1 bag Cement (v) = m/ρ
= 40 kg/1,440 kg/m³
1 bag Cement (v) = 0.02778 m³
 Theoretically, concrete proportion showed that fine
aggregates or sand is always half the volume of
gravel. For instance, the 1:2:4 proportion means one
part cement, two parts fine aggregate and four parts
course aggregate form class A mixture.
Water Cement Ratio
Water Cement Ratio means the ratio between the weight
of water to the weight of cement used in concrete mix.

Effects of too much water in concrete

• Adding more water than this allowable Water cement limit
will actually affect the strength.
• If we keep on adding water to increase the workability
then the concrete has lots of fluid materials where the
aggregates will settle down. Once the water evaporated it
leaves lots of voids in concrete which affects the concrete
strength.
: Minimum w/c ratio ranges 0.30 – 0.35
Computation of Quantity of Water:
1 bag of Cement = 40 kg.
For: M15 mix ( 1:2:4)
40 kg x 0. 50 = 20 liters
Assignment:
Compute the quantity of cement, sand,
gravel and water needed for a 300 m. PCCP
( Portland Cement Concrete Pavement)
with thickness of 150mm.

:use M15 mix