WELCOME TO BIO 2100

Professor Mary E. Craig

Appendicular skeleton

LOWER LIMB BONES

Lower Limb A A = Os coxa
B = Femur
C = Patella
D = Tibia
E = Fibula
B F= Tarsals
G= Metatarsals
H = Phalanges

E
F
G

H
 The os coxae
• The os coxae is commonly termed the ______. 
hip bone

• The os coxae are sites of origination for muscles that

act on the ____________.
hip and the knee

• The os coxae is composed of the bilateral ilium,

ischium and pubis.
_____,

pelvic girdle.
• It is one of the components of the ____

irregular
• The os coxae is an example of a ______ bone. 
 The os coxa continued
• Features of the os coxae you should be able to identify include:

-Iliac crest
-Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
-Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
-Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
-Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
-Iliac fossa
-Ala
-Greater and lesser sciatic notch
-Ischial spine
-Ischial tuberosity
-Acetabulum
-Obturator foramen
-inferior and superior pubic ramus
-Pubic tubercle
-Symphsial surface of pubis
os coxae (hip bones)
Iliac crest

Iliac
ASIS fossa ilium
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

pubis Os coxa
AIIS
Anterior Inferior Iliac spine

ischium
Acetabulum Sup
e rior
p ub
ic ra
mu
s

Inf
eri
or
pu
b ic
ram
us

Pubic tubercle

Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis

Medial surface = symphysial surface
 Iliac crest

Posterior Superior
Iliac Spine (PSIS)
Ala - “wing”
Anterior Superior
Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Posterior Inferior
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
Iliac Spine (AIIS) Greater sciatic
notch
Acetabulum Ischial spine
“vinegar cup”

Symphysial pubis Lesser sciatic

notch
Inferior pubic ramus
(not completely seen…
anterior facing)

Ischial tuberosity
 A = Iliac Crest
B = ASIS
Os coxa - anterior A
C= AIIS
D = PSIS
B
E = PIIS
F = Gluteal surface (Ala – wing)
G = Ischial tuberosity
F H = Acetabulum
C I = Obturator foramen
J = Superior pubic ramus
D K = Inferior pubic ramus
E L = Ischial ramus
M = Pubic tubercle
H
J
M

I
K
G
L
L +K = Ischiopubic ramus
Os coxa – medial C I clicker ?
anterior
D Identify area F
A.Pubic symphysis
A = Iliac Fossa B.Ischial spine
B = Auricular surface B
C.Posterior superior ischial spine
C = PSIS D.Posterior inferior ischial spine
D = PIIS
E = ASIS
F = AIIS A
G = Ischial spine
1
H = Ischial tuberosity
I = Ischiopubic ramus G
J = Symphysial surface E
K = Pubic tubercle
2
L= Superior pubic ramus F H
1 = Greater sciatic notch
2 = Lesser sciatic notch L
I

K
J
male and female comparison of pelvis

Male pelvis Female pelvis

Pelvis lateral view
A = Iliac fossa
B = Iliac crest
A C = ASIS
D= AIIS
J E = Acetabulum
F= Ischial tuberosity
K B
G = Inferior pubic ramus
C H H= Superior pubic ramus
M I I = Obturator foramen
L J = Pubic symphysis
D H
N K = PSIS
L = PIIS
I M = Gluteal surface (ala)
E G N = Greater sciatic notch
F
Pelvis posterior A= Iliac crest
B= Gluteal surface
C = Ischial spine
D= Ischial tuberosity
X = Greater Sciatic notch
Y = Lesser Sciatic notch

X
C
Y
D
 The Femur
The femur is located in the ______.
thigh

The femur provides insertion sites for muscles that act on the ____and a site of origination for muscles that
act on the knee and one acting on the ankle.
hip

The femur is an example of a _____ bone.

long
Features of the femur you should be able to identify include
-head and fovea
-anatomical and surgical necks
-greater and lesser trochanters
-intertrochanteric crest and line
-gluteal tuberosity
-linea aspera
-medial and lateral condyles and epicondyle
-adductor tubercle
-patellar surface
-intercondylar fossa
 Head

Neck
Intertrochanteric line
Greater trochanter
Medial epicondyle
Lesser trochanter
Medial condyle
Adductor tubercle

Patellar surface-
anterior under patella!

Anterior view
 Head – not really seen
Neck

Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest

Adductor tubercle Lesser trochanter

Linea aspera
Medial epicondyle

Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar fossa

Posterior view
 The Patella
The patella is anatomically in the region termed the _____and
knee is
kneecap
commonly referred to as the ________.
 
quadriceps that
The patella is an attachment site for muscles (__________)
act on the knee. The patella is embedded in the quadriceps tendon.

sesamoid bone.
The patella is an example of a _________
 
Features of the patella you should be able to identify include
-apex
-base
-articular surface
 The Patella
A = Apex
B = Body
C = Base
D = articular surface (gliding surface)

C
D

B
A

Anterior view Posterior view

 The Tibia and Fibula
The tibia and fibula are bones of the _________________.
Leg/Crura (lower leg)
 
The tibia and fibula are insertion sites for muscles that act on the knee and sites of origins of muscles that
ankle and digits.
act on the _____
 
long bones.
The tibia and fibula are examples of ____
 
Features of the tibia you should be able to identify include
MC LC
-medial and lateral condyle H
N
-intercondylar eminence

orders
-fibular articular facet

Interosseus b
-interosseous border
-medial malleolus
-fibular notch
  
Features of the Fibula you should be able to identify include
-head
MM
-neck LM

-interosseous border
-lateral malleolus
 Fibular articulating facet

Head

Interosseus border

Tibial tuberosity

Fibular notch
Medial malleolus

Lateral malleolus

Features of the Tibia in red

Features of the Fibula in blue
 Tibial plateau Intercondylar eminence

Head

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle Neck

Tibial tuberosity Fibular articular facet

 Tibia and Fibula
I clicker ?
Area 1 articulates with…
2
A.The head of the tibia
B.Medial Condyle of Tibia
C.Medial Condyle of Fibula
D.Fibular articulating facet
A B A = Lateral condyle
1 C B = Medial condyle
C = Tibial tuberosity
D = Medial malleolus
E = Fibular notch
F = articulating surface
1 = Head
2 = Neck
3 = Lateral malleolus
4 4 = Interosseus border

E
D
3 F
 The Tarsal bones
The tarsals are in the anatomical region known as the _________
talocrural ioint and commonly referred
ankle
to as the _____.
 
ankle and sites of origination for
The tarsals are insertions sites for muscles that act on the _____
muscles that act on the digits.
 
distal
There are two areas of tarsal bones; proximal and _____.
 
short bones.
The tarsals are examples of ______
 
You should be able to identify all of the tarsals
Cuboid Navicular
-Calcaneus

calcaneous
MC MdC
-Talus LC

Cuboid
Navicular
-Navicular
-Medial cuneiform

calcaneous
Talus
-Middle cuneiform
-Lateral cuneiform
-Cuboid
 Lateral cuneiform

Intermediate (middle) cuneiform Cuboid

Medial cuneiform

Navicular
ST
Calcaneous

TC

Talus
The Tarsals
A = Talus
B = Navicular
A C = Cuboid
D= Lateral cuneiform
E = Middle cuneiform
F = Medial cuneiform

B
C

D E F
 The Metatarsals
The metatarsals are in the anatomical regions known as the ____________
Dorsum/dorsal and
plantar surfaces of the foot.
_______

The metatarsals are insertion site for muscles that act on the
act on the digits
ankleand origins of muscles that _____________.
_____

long bones.
The metatarsals are examples of ____
 
Features of the metatarsals you should be able to identify include
-head IV
I I
-body I II V
-base I

You should be able to identify each metatarsal to number (I-V)

 The Phalanges
digit/toe
Phalanx is the anatomical term for the individual bones of each _______.
 
digits
The phalanges are attachment site for muscles that act on the  _____.

The phalanges of the foot differ from those in the hand in that Digit 1 is ______.
medial

The number of phalanges in the foot mirrors those in the hand.

A X
5 proximal phalanges, __
There are __ 4 middle phalanges, and __ 5 distal phalanges.
 
long bones.
The phalanges are examples of ____ III
  II I
Features of the phalanges you should be able to identify include
-head
-body
-base P of I
Pof II
You should be able to identify each phalange to number (I-V) and position M of II
(proximal, middle, distal). D of I
D of II
 The ankle and foot -anterior
I clicker ?

Identify the bone 5

A.Lateral cuneiform
B.Navicular x
C.Cuboid Y 7
D.Talus 1
6
54 3
2
A

G
B
E D
Identify the bone D – be specific
C
F
Body of the proximal phalanx of digit 3
 The Ankle and Foot – lateral view
1 = Fibula (lateral malleolus)
2= Tibia (articular surface)
2
A = Calcaneous G = Base of Metatarsal 5
X = Tuber calcanei H = Base of Metatarsal 4
Y = Sustaintaculum tali J = Body of Metatarsal 2
B = Talus K = Head of Metatarsal 1
C= Navicular L = Head of Proximal Phalanx Digit 1
D = Cuboid M = Base of Distal Phalanx of Digit 1
E = Lateral Cuneiform P = Body of Middle Phalanx of Digit 5
F = Intermediate Cuneiform

1 -B C F K
J LM
E
I
N
D H O
A Y
X G P
 Ankle and Foot- plantar view
A = Calcaneous
1 = Tuber calcanei
B = Talus
C= Cuboid
D = Navicular
E = Lateral Cuneiform
F = Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneifrom unseen due to arc form articulation

G F D B

E
H
C A
I
1