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The Parabolas
 The Parabola
The parabola is the locus of all points in a plane that are
the same distance from a line in the plane, the directrix,
as from a fixed point in the plane, the focus.

Point Focus = Point Directrix

PF = PD

|p| |p| The parabola has one axis of

symmetry, which intersects
the parabola at its vertex.
The distance from the
vertex to the focus is | p |.
The distance from the
directrix to the vertex is also
| p |.
 The Standard Form of the Equation with Vertex (h, k)
For a parabola with the axis of symmetry parallel to
the y-axis and vertex at (h, k), the standard form is …
(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
• The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = h.
• The coordinates of the focus are (h, k + p).
• The equation of the directrix
is y = k - p.
• When p is positive,
the parabola opens upward.
• When p is negative,
the parabola opens downward.
The Standard Form of the Equation with Vertex (h, k)
For a parabola with an axis of symmetry parallel to the
x-axis and a vertex at (h, k), the standard form is:
(y - k)2 = 4p(x - h)

• The equation of the axis of symmetry is y = k.

• The coordinates of the focus
are (h + p, k).
• The equation of the directrix
is x = h - p.
• When p is positive, the parabola
opens to the right.
• When p is negative, the parabola
opens to the left.
 Finding the Equations of Parabolas
Write the equation of the parabola with a focus at (3, 5) and
the directrix at x = 9, in standard form and general form
The distance from the focus to the directrix is 6 units,
therefore, 2p = -6, p = -3. Thus, the vertex is (6, 5).
The axis of symmetry is parallel to the x-axis: (6, 5)
(y - k)2 = 4p(x - h) h = 6 and k = 5

(y - 5)2 = 4(-3)(x - 6)

(y - 5)2 = -12(x - 6) Standard form

Finding the Equations of Parabolas
Find the equation of the parabola that has a minimum at
(-2, 6) and passes through the point (2, 8).
The axis of symmetry is parallel to the y-axis.
The vertex is (-2, 6), therefore, h = -2 and k = 6.
Substitute into the standard form of the equation
and solve for p:
(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k) x = 2 and y = 8
(2 - (-2))2 = 4p(8 - 6)
16 = 8p
2=p

(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
(x - (-2))2 = 4(2)(y - 6)
(x + 2)2 = 8(y - 6) Standard form
 Analyzing a Parabola
Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus,
the equation of the directrix, the axis of symmetry,
and the direction of opening of 2x2 + 4x - 2y + 6 = 0.
2x2 + 4x - 2y + 6 = 0
1 = 2y - 6 + _____
2(x2 + 2x + _____) 2(1)
2(x + 1)2 = 2(y - 2)
(x + 1)2 = (y - 2)

4p = 1
p=¼
The parabola opens to upward.
The vertex is (-1, 2).
The focus is ( -1, 2 ¼ ).
The Equation of directrix is y = 1¾ .
The axis of symmetry is x = -1 .
 Graphing a Parabola
y2 - 10x + 4y - 16 = 0
y2 + 4y + _____
4 = 10x + 16 + _____
4
(y + 2)2 = 10x + 20
(y + 2)2 = 10(x + 2)

Horizontally oriented (right)

Vertex @ (-2, -2)
Line of Symmetry y = -2
P = 2.5
focus @ ( 0.5, -3)
Directrix X = - 4.5
 Hyperbolas and
9.3 Rotation of Conics

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

What You Should Learn?

• Write equations of hyperbolas in standard

form.

• Find asymptotes of and graph hyperbolas.

• Use properties of hyperbolas to solve

real-life problems.

• Classify conics from their general equations.

• The definition of a hyperbola is
similar to that of an ellipse. The
difference is that for an ellipse, the sum
of the distances between the foci and a
point on the ellipse is constant; whereas
for a hyperbola, the difference of the
distances between the foci and a point
on the hyperbola is constant.
Figure 9.27(a)
• The graph of a hyperbola has two disconnected parts
called the branches. The line through the two foci
intersects the hyperbola at two points called the vertices.

The line segment connecting the vertices is the

transverse axis, and the midpoint of the transverse axis
is the center of the hyperbola [see Figure 9.27(b)].

Figure 9.27(b)
• The development of the standard form
of the equation of a hyperbola is
similar to that of an ellipse.

• Note, however, that a, b and c are related

differently for hyperbolas than for ellipses.

• For a hyperbola, the distance between the

foci and the center is greater than the
distance between the vertices and the
center.
• Figure 9.28 shows both the horizontal and vertical
orientations for a hyperbola.

Transverse axis is horizontal. Transverse axis is vertical.

Figure 9.28
Example 1 – Finding the Standard Equation of a
Hyperbola

• Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with

foci (–1, 2) and (5, 2) and vertices (0, 2) and (4, 2).

• Solution:
By the Midpoint Formula, the center of the hyperbola occurs at
the point (2, 2). Furthermore, c = 3 and a = 2, and it follows that
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

• So, the hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis, and the standard
form of the equation of the hyperbola is

• This equation simplifies to

Example 1 – Solution cont’d

• Figure 9.29 shows the hyperbola.

Figure 9.29
Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
• Each hyperbola has two asymptotes that intersect at
the center of the hyperbola. The asymptotes pass
through the corners of a rectangle of dimensions 2a
by 2b, with its center at (h, k) as shown in Figure
9.30.

Figure 9.30
Example 2 – Sketching a
Hyperbola
• Sketch the hyperbola whose equation is
4x2 – y2 = 16.

• Solution: Write original equation.

Divide each side by 16.

Write in standard form.

Example 2 – Solution cont’d

• Because the x2-term is positive, you can conclude that the

transverse axis is horizontal.

• So, the vertices occur at (–2, 0) and (2, 0) the endpoints of the
conjugate axis occur at (0, –4) and (0, 4), and you can sketch
the rectangle shown in Figure 9.31.

Figure 9.31
Example 2 – Solution cont’d

• Finally, by drawing the asymptotes

y = 2x and y = –2x

• through the corners of this rectangle, you can complete the

sketch, as shown in Figure 9.32.

Figure 9.32
Example 3 – Finding the Asymptotes of a
Hyperbola
• Sketch the hyperbola given by

4x2 – 3y2 + 8x + 16 = 0

and find the equations of its

asymptotes.

• Solution:

Write original
equation.
Subtract 16 from each
side and factor.
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

Complete the square.

Write in completed square

form.

Write in standard
form.
• From this equation you can conclude that the hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis, is centered at (–1, 0) has vertices (–1, 2)
and (–1, –2), and has a conjugate axis with end points and . To sketch the hyperbola, draw a rectangle
through these four points.
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

• The asymptotes are the lines passing through the corners of the
rectangle, as shown in Figure 9.34.

• Finally, using and you

can conclude that the equations
of the asymptotes are

Figure 9.34
General Equations
of Conics
Example 6 – Classifying Conics from General
Equations

• Classify the graph of each equation.

a. 4x2 – 9x + y – 5 = 0
•
b. 4x2 – y2 + 8x – 6y + 4 = 0
•
c. 2x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 12y = 0
• d. 2x2 + 2y2 – 8x + 12y + 2 = 0

• Solution:
a. For the equation 4x2 – 9x + y – 5 = 0, you have

AC = 4(0) = 0.
• So, the graph is a parabola.
Example 6 – Solution cont’d

• b. For the equation 4x2 – y2 + 8x – 6y + 4 = 0, you have

Hyperbola
AC = 4(–1) < 0.

So, the graph is a hyperbola.

• c. For the equation 2x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 12y = 0, you have

AC = 2(4) > 0.

• So, the graph is an ellipse.

 GROUP-1
MEMBERS:

HAMIDA ADAM
JEHAN MAMADALI
ABDULHANAN BADRUDIN

11-STEM B KRISGIL RONQUILLO

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