Positive Psychology

The Science of Human Strengths

A starting place
Martin Seligman APA President 1996 Psychology split into two camps: Academics more interested in science. Clinicians interested in practice of psychotherapy. Hoped to bring science and practice together.

Nikki and the weeds

Seligman s inspiration. Weeding garden. 5-year old daughter throwing weeds. Seligman irritated, yelled at Nikki. Daddy. From when I was 3 until I was 5, I was a whiner. I whined every day. On my 5th birthday, I decided I wasn t going to whine anymore. That was the hardest thing I ve ever done. If I can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch.

An epiphany
Seligman resolved to change. His purpose in life was not to correct his daughter s shortcomings. Instead, raising her to nurture the strength she displayed (social intelligence). Can psychological science be about identifying and nurturing strengths? His mission as APA president.

Seligman Experiment: part 1

Inescapable shock. Got shock. No coping mechanism. No way to terminate shock. Passive Escapable shock. Had coping mechanism. Press nose button to terminate shock. Active

Seligman Experiment: part 2

All groups received the same condition: escapable shock. Put in shuttle box. Light dimmed. 10 second later got shock unless they jumped to safe side.

Shuttle box behavior

Dogs in the escapable shock quickly learned to jump to safe side. Dogs in inescapable shock did not jump to safe side. Agitated at first but later laid down and took the shock. Dogs in inescapable shock group learned helplessness

Parallels with Reactive Depression

Triggered by traumatic life event (ex. death of loved one). Passivity Difficulty in learning responses that bring relief. Physical symptoms. Stress related disorders.

Directive Therapy
Dogs that had been exposed to inescapable shock. Remove barrier and push them to safe side. Reinstall barrier and force them over it. Eventually learn to jump.

Parallels to Treating People

Encourage depressed people to get back into life. Ex: not willing to leave home. Small steps. (Go out to movie, then mall.) Increase difficulty. Show them they do have control over their lives. Motivational, learning and emotional gains.

Prevention of Helplessness
Seligman suggests the best prevention for helplessness is early experience with mastery. Based on life histories of people who were resilient in situations likely to cause helplessness. SelfSelf-efficacy, competence already in existence. Served as a buffer.

Human strengths
Despite all the difficulties of life, majority of people manage to live with dignity and purpose. Positive psychology adopts a more optimistic perspective on human potential, motives, and capacities. Humanistic psychology with scientific methods.

Positive subjective states

Positive emotions. Happiness. Satisfaction with life. Optimism and hope. Sources of energy and confidence.

Positive individual traits

Character strengths and virtues: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance and Transcendence. Creativity and excellence. FLOW by Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi

Positive institutions
Develop and sustain institutions that enrich human potential. Healthy families Work environments. Schools. Whole communities. Reduce high risk behavior by punishing or supporting alternatives.

A brief history lesson

Pre WWII, psychology had better balance. Treating mental illness. Nurturing genius and talent. Studies of normal life and happiness. Important of relationships and group membership. Leadership styles.

After the war

Focus on treatments for mental illness. GI s coming home with combat fatigue . In treatment at VA hospitals. Now called PTSD. Money went towards developing new treatments. 1955, introduction of drugs for the treatment of depression and psychosis.

Education programs
After war, seemed more appropriate to focus on helping children with developmental disabilities. Gifted programs encouraged but not funded. Exceptional children are on both ends of the spectrum. Nurture genius and talents as well.

Expand focus
Positive psychology supports efforts to eliminate social problems such as drug abuse, criminal behavior and mental illness. Study the protective factors as well as the risk factors. Positive emotions and traits that could be used to combat problems.

Risk and protective factors

Drug abuse risk factors: Family history, peer influence, unemployment. Protective factors: Strong family values, positive peer influence, employment counseling. Most people do not abuse alcohol. Most gamblers can control themselves. Positive gambling ads. Message of hope rather than fear.

Shares ideas with Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow Positive instincts to fulfill human potential. Strong motivating force to do good. Be the best that they could be. SelfSelf-actualization. ClientClient-centered therapy of Carl Rogers

Maslow rejected Freud s ideas

Psychoanalysis based on what went wrong. Theories based on clinically ill patients. Repressing strong sexual urges. Animal passions. Why pick the wolf?

Why live in social groups?

Freud: social groups control innate aggression. Maslow: need for belongingness. Current view: social behavior highly adaptive. Evolutionary advantage. Improve survival rate. Social behavior in our genes.

Humanistic Psychology
Positive side Optimistic view of humankind. Human abilities. Growth potential. Healthy personality. Pyramid of needs Negative side NonNon-scientific. Philosophy rather than psychology. Need evidence to support beliefs. SelfSelf-actualizers rare. Practical applications.

Positive Psychology emphasis on research.

Most people adapt and adjust to life in creative ways. Resilience: Bounce back after loss. Go beyond recovery. Life takes on new meaning and focus. Study this strength and resilience using scientific method. What makes life worth living.

The Greeks had a word for it.

Plato and Aristotle described the deeper and more balanced for the good life. Eudaimonia: literally, having a good guardian spirit. Possessed of true well-being. wellA person is truly happy when he has what is worth desiring. Living according to virtues and values. Fulfilling one s potential

Plato (or is it da Vinci) by Raphael

More than Maslow

Fulfilling one s potential sounds a lot like self-actualization. selfMaslow believed only a few people could reach self-actualization. Elitist. selfPositive psychology has wider view. Average individuals hold potential. Study regular people with large samples.

Prevention over treatment

Positive psychology seeks to shift some of the focus from treatment to prevention. Help more people if we can prevent problems before they exist (primary). Or intervene before they get worse (secondary). Treatment (tertiary).

Saving the drowning

Women driving down a road near a river with a strong current. Sees teenager in danger of drowning. Stops car. She pulls teen to shore when another appears in the torrent. Then another and another. She keeps pulling people out for two hours. Other people stop cars to help her save teens. Finally the woman starts walking up stream. Where are you going? the people ask. Don t you see there are more to be saved? Her reply?