HOW PLANTS

REPRODUCE?
 TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

Asexual Reproduction: A single parent produce offspring that are identical to

the parent
Sexual Reproduction: Two parents are required to produce offspring whose
traits come from both parents
 Flowering plants or angiosperms are adapted
for sexual reproduction

• Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the pistil
1. Self-pollination: occurs when pollen falls from the anther into the stigma and
of the same flower
2. Cross Pollination: the transfer of pollen to another plant of the same species
Pollen grains ( male gametophyte) and the embryo sac ( female gametophyte) are
produced in separate specialized structures of angiosperms
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• It does not involve the formation of flowers, fruits or seeds

• A part of plant such as stem or root ,produces a new plant
Ex. Strawberry,potatoes
Asexual reproduction in plants is known as artificial propagation
• Stem cutting- cut stem is partially buried
• Grafting-portion of one plant in inserted into the stock of another plant
• Budding- used as scions that are attached to the parent plant
 HOW ANIMALS REPRODUCE

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: occurs when body of the parent grows buds,

which eventually falls off and grows on its own
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: produces offspring by combining the genetic
material of more than one parent
• FERTILIZATION: when an egg’s nucleus unites with the sperm’s nucleus.a
zygote is formed
 METHODS OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Ex. 1.Hydra- lives in freshwater, lakes, ponds,
develops a buds that is attached to the parents
- During autumn, cold climate triggers the development of sperms and eggs.
Sperms cells are released in the water and reach the ovary of nearby hydra
- 2. Sponges-budding, fragmentation
- 3. jellyfish
- 4.starfish –fragmentation ( an organism breaks int0 two or more parts ,each of
which may grow into a separate individual
- 5. flatworms-(hermaphrodites)
• Most annelids ( earthworms & leeches) reproduce sexually
• HERMAPHRODITES: organisms having both male and female reproductive
organ
• Mollusks ( land snails, squids)-hermaphrodites
• ARTHROPODS( spiders,insects,centipedes,scorpions,shrimp,crabs,lobster)-
Metamorphosis- a process of transforming in a different shape and form
• VERTEBRATES: sexual reproduction
external fertilization-frog,fishes,amphibians,
Internal fertilization-reptiles,birds,mammals,