DISASTER

READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
MRS. KIP AIZA F. GABAWA, LPT, MAED
LALA PROPER INTEGRATED SCHOOL
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, learner are expected
to:
1. Identify potential various types of
earthquakes hazards
2. Define each type of Earthquake hazards.
3. Apply understating about the various types
of earthquakes hazards in making family
emergency plan
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
It is a perceptible shaking of the
surface of the earth, resulting from
sudden release of energy in the
earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves. -USGS
The EARTH
 THE OUTERMOST
LAYER OF THE EARTH
ISS BROKEN DOWN
INTO PIECES CALLED
“PLATES”. THESE ARE
MOVING AWAY OR
TOWARDS EACH
OTHER.
HOW DO PLATES MOVE?
 new parts of a plate rise
because they are warm and the
plate is thin. as hot magma
rises to the surface at the
spreading ridges and forms
new crust, the new crust
pushes the rest of a plate out
of its way. this is called ridge.
push
 HOW DO PLATES MOVE?
 plates at our planet’s surface move
because of the intense heat in
earth’s core that causes molten rock
in the mantle layer to move. it
moves in a pattern called
convection cell that forms when
warm material rises, cools, and
eventually sink down. as the cooled
materials sinks down it is warmed
and rises again
TYPES OF NATURAL EARTHQUAKE

1. TECTONIC- earthquake produces

sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries
2. VOLCANIC- earthquakes produced by
the movement of magma beneath volcanoes
 WAYS OF DESCRIBING STRENGTH OF AN
EARTHQUAKE

INTENSITY- perceived strength of an

earthquake based on relative effect to
people and structures; generally higher
near the epicenter
 WAYS OF DESCRIBING STRENGTH OF AN
EARTHQUAKE

MAGNITUDE- based on instrumentally

derived information and correlated strength
with the amount of total energy released at
the earthquake point of origin.
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING OR GROUND MOTION
GROUND SURFACE RAPTURE
LIQUEFACTION
TSUNAMI
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDES
GROUND SHAKING
 GROUND SHAKING (VIBRATION)
- It
refers to what we feel when energy built up by the
application of stress to the lithosphere is released by
faulting during earthquake.

- technically,
it refers to the disruptive up and down and
sideways motion experienced during an earthquake.
How Earthquake Vibrations are Generated?
- Most natural earthquakes are caused by sudden slippage
along fault zone. A fault is a fracture on which one body of
rock slides past to another

- Slippage along fault is hindered because there are

irregularities on the fault plane. If it were smooth, blocks
on opposite sides of fault will just slide past each other
continuously.
HOW SEISMIC MOVEMENT
PRODUCED EARHQUAKE WAVES
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVE

1. PRIMARY WAVES – the fastest seismic waves are

called primary waves, or P waves. These waves are the
first to reach any particular location after an earthquake
occurs. It can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
As they pass through material, the particles of the
material are slightly pushed and pulled apart.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVE

2. SECONDARY WAVES – are the second seismic waves

to arrive at any particular location after an earthquake,
though they start at same time as P waves. Secondary wave
or S wave travel Earth’s interior at about half the speed of p
waves. As they pass through materials, particles shaken up
and down or from side to side, shaking small buildings
back and forth.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVE

3. SURFACE WAVE – are seismic waves that move along

Earth’s surface not through its interior. They make the
ground roll up and down or shake from side to side.
Surface wave cause the largest ground movements and the
most damage. Surface waves can travel more slowly than
the other types seismic waves.
HOW GROUND SHAKING IS MEASURED

The strength of ground shaking is measured in terms of:

1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Frequency content of shaking
4. Duration of shaking
GROUND RAPTURE
 GROUND RUPTURE

- The creation of new or the renewed movement

of old fractures, oftentimes with two blocks on
both side moving in opposite direction.
HOW GROUND RUPTURES FORM?

• An earthquake is generated when fault moves, as its

frictional resistance could not match the large amount of
accumulated stress related to plate motion.

• The lithosphere breaks when its strength is overcome by

the large amount of stress applied. Rock failure that
involves the slipping of lithosphere blocks past each other
is called FAULTING.
LIQUEFACTION
 LIQUEFACTION

- Takes place when loosely packed, water-logged

sediments at or near the ground surface lose
their strength in response to strong ground
shaking.
EARTHQUAK
E-INDUCED
LANDSLIDES