Flow diagram for surface water treatment plants

(Rapid sand Filters)

Network
 Factors affecting the choice of suitable
intakes
• Type of water source (river, canals, lakes or
reservoirs).
• Fluctuating water levels or variations of water
quality with depth.
• Water depth and bed width.
• Navigation requirements.
• Effect of wave action.
• Shore pollution.
• Distance of the source from the water treatment
plant.
 Types of surface water intakes
• They are four main types of intakes

• Pipe intake.
• Shore intake.
• Submerged intake.
• Tower intake.
Constructed under water Lower cost of construction
No obstruction to navigation No danger to floating material
It is used for large waterworks
A wide fluctuation in water level
Draw water at depth with best quality
 Design of pipe intakes
• The factors which favor the choice of pipe
intakes can be summarized as follows:
• Wide canals.
• Shore pollution.
• Relative low discharges.
• Treatment plant relatively far from source.
• Narrow non-navigable canals.
• Pipe intakes consist of the
following main components:
• Suction pipes.
• Header pipe.
• Force main.
• Truss works.
• Pumps and pump houses.
• Screens at the inlet of the suction pipe.
 Design of Pipes
• Velocity of flow through the pipes = 0.8- 1.5 m/sec
• Qdesign = 1.1 * Qmax.monthly
• Pressure pipes are designed using the Hazen -
Williams formula:
• Q = 0.355 C.D0.63 S0.54 A
• Where:
• C = Friction coefficient whose value depends on the
type and condition of the pipe.
• D = Diameter of pipe (m)
• S = Slope of hydraulic gradient (m/m)
• A = Area of pipe (m2)
Values of Hazen-Williams coefficient (C)

C Condition of pipe Boundary material

90 New Riveted steel
110 New Unlined reverted steel
120 New Welded steel
120 Up to 5 years Cast iron
100 Up to 15 years
90 Up to 25 years
80 More than 25 years
120 New, old Asbestos cement
130 New P.V.C
150 New Ductile cast iron
• Darcy-Weisbach formula is used as follows:
2
FLV
hf 
2gD
• Where :
• hf = Head loss through the pipes (m)
• D = Diameter of pipe (m)
• L = Total length of pressure conduit pipes (m)
• g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
• F = Friction factor (0.03 to 0.04)
 shore intakes

• The factors that govern the choice of shore

intakes can be summarized as follows:

• - Narrow navigable canal.

• - Relatively large water discharges.
• - No any pollution on shore.
• - Treatment plant is relatively near the source.
‫مرحلة الداية واالزدهار‬
 The shore intake structures consist of four
components

• Screens.
• Conduit pipes.
• Sump.
• Low lift pumps.
 Screens
• Type of screens
• Fine screening: from 3 to 10 mm.
• Medium screening from 10 to 25 mm
• Coarse screening from 50 to 100 mm

• The design criteria of the manual screens:

• Spacing between bars = S = (2-5) cms.
• Thickness of bars = a = (1-3) cms.
• Width of bars = b = (3-5) cms.
• Degree of inclination of bars = (45 – 60)
• Velocity of approach (Vapp.) should not be less than 0.6 m/sec
• Velocity through screens (Vthr.) should not exceed 1.5 m/sec
Head loss though the screens:
hscreen = 1.4 (Vthr.2 – Vapp.2)/(2g)

 Q design 
Vapp.  
 L*d 

Qdesign
Vthr 
(d * S * N)/sinθ
 :The layout of the bars

S a S a S
a a S a S a S

L
L
Bars embedded in concrete L = NS + a (N +1)
L = NS + a (N -1) n=N+1
n=N-1

L = Length of screen opening (m).

S = Spacing between bars (m).
N = Number of openings.
n = Number of bars.
a = Thickness of screen bars (m)
Conduit pipes

Qdesign = 1.1 Q max.monthly (m3/day)

Slope of pipe to sump direction ≮ 1 %

(0.25 – 0.50) 


L 

(0.25 – 0.50) 
Velocity of flow through the pipes = 0.8- 1.5 m/sec

The headloss is calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach formula:

2
FLV
h pipe 
2gφ
 Power of pumps
The horse power (HP) of a pump:
QH T
HP 
751 2
Where :
 = Specific weight of water.
Q = Discharge per pump (lit/sec).
1 = Efficiency of pump
2 = Efficiency of motor.
12 = 0.63.
HT = Total head of pump (m).
Ex.
It is required to design the collection works for a water treatment
plant feeding a city a population of 220000 capita and average
consumption of 250 lit/capita/day. The source of the water is the
River Nile with a high water level of (20.00) and L.W.L of
(18.50) and ground level of (23.00) and road level of (24.50) a
bed level of (15.00). the sump is 100 meters away from the Nile
and the rapid mix tank is 6 meter above ground level and 50
meters from the low lifting units. Recommend and design a
suitable intake structure.
 Solution
For suitable solution we recommend shore
intake.

Design discharge Qd
240000*250
Qav. = 1000 = 60000 m3/day = 0.694 m3/sec

Qmax monthly = 1.4 * 0.694 = 0.9722 m3/sec

Qd = 0.9722 * 1.1 = 1.07 m3/sec = 1070 lit/sec

Design of conduit pipes

Q
Assume VV = 1.0
1.07
1.0
m/sec
A = = = 1.07 m2
Minimum number of pipes = 2
Take 3 pipes with diameter of 700 m
AT =1.15 m2
Vact = 3* *4(0.7) =0.93 m/sec
2

Head loss through conduit pipes

2
1.10m
0.03*100*(0.93)
1%
hpipe = 2*9.81*0.7 = 0.189 m
1.10m
= 19 cms
Invert level of conduit pipes at the 1%
sump 1.10m
 B
= (Bed) – S * L = 15– 0.01 * 100 1%
= 14.0 m
Design of screens
-Assume B = 1.5 

B= 1.5 * 700 = 105cm = 110cm

(18.31)
Assume Bars embedded in concrete
S = 3.0 cm = 0.03 m
a = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
(14)
Bone = N*S + a(N-1)
1.0
1%
1.1 = N* 0.03 + 0.015 (N-1) (13)

110 = 0.03 N + 0.015 N – 0.015

1.115 = 0.045 N
N = 25
• Therefore total number of openings
• for each screen = 25
• Number of bars = 24

1.07
• Vapp = 1.1*5*3 = 0.065 m/sec
1.07

• Vthrough. = = 0.082 m/sec

3(5*0.03* 25) / sin 60

1.4(0.082   0.065  )
2 2

2  9.81
• Hsc. = =1.8 * 10-4 m < 30 cm
Design of sump
Assume T = 5 min.
Therefore V = 5* 60 * 1.07 = 321 m3
Depth of sump =L.W.L-Inv. Level-Hpipe-Hsc.+1
=18.5 – 14 – 0.19 - 0.00018 + 1
= 5.31 meters
321
Therefore area of sump = 5.31 = 60.45 m2
Assume width of sump = 3 m
Therefore length = 20.15 m
Therefore the sump dimension are:
20.15 * 3 * 5.31 m
Design of low lift pumps
Qd = 1.07 m3/sec = 1070 lit/sec
L = NS
Assume S = 2.5 m
N = 8 pumps
N = 5 working + 3 stand by (50%)
1070
Q/pump = 5 = 214 L/s

Head of pumps :-
HStatic = (23.00 – 18.31) + 6 = 10.69 m
fLV 2
hFriction = 2 gd
• Assume velocity in rising main = 1.5 m/sec
• A = 0.713 m2
•  2
= 0.713 m2
4
•  = 1000 mm
• Vact = 1.360 m/sec

fLV 2 0.03*50(1.36) 2
• hFriction = 2 gd
= 2*9.81*1.0 = 0.141 m
• HT = 10.69 + 0.141 + 0.2* 0.141 = 10.86 = 11 meters

• Power for each pump

1*153 *11
• HP =75 * 0.63 = 49.82 =50 Hp/pump
 : Example (3-2)

• Water has to be supplied to a city of

population 150000 capita at the rate of 300
L/c/d from a canal 1500m away. The
difference in elevation between the lowest
water level in the canal and R.M.T is 24m. If
the demand has to be supplied in 16 hours.
Design all component of pipe Intake. ( C=
100)
:Solution

• 1- Design flow:
• Qav = 150000 * 0.300 * 24/16= 67500 m3 /d

• Qmax monthly = 1.4 Qav = 94500 m3/d

• Qdes = 1.1 * Qmax monthly = 103950 m3/d =

1.203 m3/sec
 :Suction pipes -2
• Qdes = 1.203 m3/sec
• Min. no. of pipes = 2.0
• Q/pipe = 1.203/2 = 0.602 m3/sec
• Assume V= 1.0 m/sec
• A pipe = 0.602 m2
•  = 875 = 900 mm
• Take N = 3
• A one pipe = 0.402/1.0= 0.402
•  =700 mm
• V act = 1.04 m/sec
• 3- Header:
• Qdes = 1.203 m3/sec
• V = 1.0 m/sec
•  = 1300 mm
4- Rising main:
L = 1500 m V = 1.5 m/sec
• Qdes = 1.203 m3/sec
• A =1.203 /1.5 = 0.803 m2
•  = 1000 mm
• V act = 1.531 m/sec
• Qdes = 0.2789 CD2.63 * (Hf /L)0.54
• 1.203 = 0.2789 * 100 * (1.0)2.63* (Hf/1500)0.54
• Hf = 4.45 m = 4.50 m
• Hsec. = 0.2 Hf = 0.2 * 4.5 = 0.90 m
:Low lift pumps -5
• Qdes = 1.203 m3/sec
• N = N working + N stand by
• Q/pump = 300 L/sec
• N working = 4
• N stand by = 2
• N T = 4 working + 2 stand by
• Total head of pump
• HT = Hs + Hf + Hsec = 24 + 4.5 + 0.9 = 29.40m
=30.0 m
 30 * 300 *1
• Hp = =190.40 Hp/pump
75 * 0.63

• Length of header = Nt * s = 6 * 2.0 = 12.0m

Header
1300 mm
Suction pipe S/2
700 mm
S
700 mm

700 mm

Rising main

1000 mm