PS 100

Political Science
&
Philippine Constitution

Mr. Antonio C. Cayetano, B.S.Ed., LL.B., M.A.

NOTES ON POLITICS
INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE & POLITICS

 POLITICAL SCIENCE
- Political = Gk. :polis – city or state. Science = Lat. : scire –
to know. Political Science is the to know the city or state.
- The systematic study of the State and all its elements and
their relationship.
- It is concerned with the association of human beings into a
“body politic” or a political community (one organized
under government and law).
- It deals with those: 1) relations among men and groups
which are subject to control by the State; 2) relations of
men and groups to the State itself; and 3) relations of the
State to other States.
INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE & POLITICS

 POLITICS

- The art of decision making.

- The art or science of government concerned

with the proper management of the affairs of
society.
INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT OF STATE

STATE

A community of persons more or less numerous,

permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their own to
which the great body of inhabitants render
obedience and enjoying freedom from external
control.
INTRODUCTION

ELEMENTS OF STATE

1. PEOPLE. They are the inhabitants of the State.

2. TERRITORY. It is a fixed portion in the surface of the
earth.
3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency through which the will of
the State is formulated, expressed and carried out.
4. SOVEREIGNTY. It is the supreme power to command and
enforce obedience to its will from the people within its
jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign
control.
5. RECOGNITION. It is an act of one State to recognize the
legitimacy of government of another States.
INTRODUCTION

THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

1. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. The law-enforcing

body which executes, implements and administers
laws.

2. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. The law-making

body which enacts laws and repeal the same.

3. THE JUDICIARY. The law-interpreting body which

interprets and applies the provisions of law in a
specific controversy, or which hears and decide a
case.
INTRODUCTION

TWO MANIFESTATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY

1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY. The power of the

State to rule within its territory.

2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY. The power of the

State to carry out its activities without
subjection to or control by other States.
INTRODUCTION

THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF GOVERNMENT

1. THE EXECUTIVE POWER. The power to execute,

implement and administer laws.

2. THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. The power to enact laws

and repeal the same.

3. THE JUDICIAL POWER. The power to interpret and

apply the provisions of law in a specific controversy,
and the power to hear and decide a case.
INTRODUCTION

THE THREE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

1. POLICE POWER. The power to enact laws for the

promotion of public safety and order, public health,
public morals, education and general welfare.

2. TAXATION POWER. The power to exact proportional

contribution from the people to defray the cost of
governmental expenditures.

3. POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN. The power to take

private property for public use upon payment of just
compensation.
INTRODUCTION

THEORIES IN THE ORIGIN OF STATE

1. DIVINE RIGHT THEORY. The state is a divine creation and

the ruler is ordained by God to rule the people.

2. FORCED / NECESSITY THEORY. The State must have been

created through force, by some great warriors who imposed
their will upon the weak.

3. PATERNALISTIC THEORY. The State evolves or emerges

from the family, clan tribe, nation and State.

4. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY. The State is created by the

voluntary and deliberate act of people to form society for
their mutual benefit and protection.
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

A. AS TO THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EXERCISING THE

POWERS OF SOVEREIGNTY

1. MONARCHY. The fundamental powers of the

government are exercised by one single person. In
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, the monarch rules by divine
right. In LIMITED MONARCHY, the monarch rules in
accordance with a Constitution.

2. ARISTOCRACY. The fundamental powers of the

government or political powers are exercised by a
privileged class.
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

A. AS TO THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EXERCISING THE POWERS

OF SOVEREIGNTY

3. DEMOCRACY. The fundamental powers of government are

exercised by a majority of the people.
a. DIRECT/PURE DEMOCRACY – the will of the STATE is
formulated or expressed directly and immediately through
the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly.
b. INDIRECT/REPRESENTATIVE/REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY
– the will of the STATE is formulated and expressed
through the agency of a relatively small and select body of
persons chosen by the people to act as their
representatives.
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

B. AS TO THE EXTENT OF POWERS EXERCISED BY THE CENTRAL

OR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

1. UNITARY GOVERNMENT – the central or national government

exercises the control of national and local affairs.

2. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT – the powers of government are

divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs
and the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme
within its own sphere.
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

C. AS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND

LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT.

1. PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT – the executive leadership is

composed of leading members of the legislature.

2. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT – the Executive is

constitutionally independent of the legislature as regards his
tenure and his policies and acts.
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

C. AS TO ITS LEGITIMACY.

1. DE FACTO GOVERNMENT – a government that has not sufficiently

demonstrated its compliance with the conditions set forth by the
Community of Nations for the Recognition of a State.

2. DE JURE GOVERNMENT – a government that sufficiently

demonstrated its compliance with the following conditions set forth
by the Community of Nations for the RECOGNITION OF A STATE:

a. The Government has control of the administrative machinery of

the State.
b. The Government has popular acquiescence.
c. The Government is willing and able to comply with its
international obligations.