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Introduction To Economics
Introduction To Economics
Introduction To Economics
A Presentation by
Anamitra Roy
Introduction to Economics
“The Science of
Economics is made
for the benefit and
development of the
world.”
- Chanakya
Economic Problems
• Unlimited Wants
• Scarce Resources –
Land, Labour,
Capital, …..
• Resource Use
• Choices
Economic Problems
(continued)
The problem of ‘choice making’ arising out of limited
means and unlimited wants is called economic problem.
Alternative objectives:
=>Market share maximization
=>Growth Maximization
=>Maximizing their own benefits
Economic
Market Conditions Factor
Conditions Prices
Managerial
Problems
Managerial Decision
Company’s Market
Performance Conditions
Why do we study Economics?
• To Be An Informed Voter
To Learn a Way of
Thinking
• Opportunity Cost
• Marginalism
• Sunk Cost
• Efficient Market
Opportunity Cost
Definition – the cost expressed in terms of the next
best alternative sacrificed
When a particular alternative is chosen from a set of
alternatives it implies sacrificing the other alternatives
The cost of the forgone alternatives is the opportunity
cost of the decision
Helps us view the true cost of decision making
Implies valuing different choices
Example : Firm purchases a new piece of equipment
for Rs.10,0000 to generate more profit, this amount
could have been deposited in an interest- earning
account.
Marginalism
Definition : The process of analysing the additional or
incremental costs or benefits arising from a choice or
decision
Normative Economics
Analysis involving value judgments; relates to whether
things are good or bad, a statement of what ought to be
(attempts to prescribe how the world should be).
Eg.: The Govt. should raise the minimum wage.
Descriptive Economics and
Economics Theory
Descriptive Economics
The compilation of data that describe phenomena and facts.
Eg.: Economic survey of India publish many data related to
economics.
Economic Theory
A statement or set of related statements about cause and
effect ,action and reaction.
Eg.: The Law of Demand, Law of Supply etc.
Theories and Models
A model is a formal statement of a theory, usually a
mathematical statement of a presumed relationship
between two or more values.
Firms Households
A 0 18
B 1 17
C 2 15
D 3 12
E 4 7
F 5 0
COMBINATION CLOTH STEEL OPPORTUNITY
(METER) (TON) COST OF CLOTHS
(TONS OF STEEL)
A 0 18 0
B 1 17 1
C 2 15 2
D 3 12 3
E 4 7 5
F 5 0 7
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY
FRONTIER
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER
20
A graph that shows all
the combination of
18
14
12
can be produced if all of
society's resources are
STEEL
10
8
used efficiently - P.P.F.
6
Slope = Marginal rate
4
of Transformation
2
0 Law of Increasing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Economic
System
Command
Market Economy Mixed Economy
Economy
General Equilibrium
Country Commodity
A B
Country 1 80 100
Country 2 120 90
Theory of Comparative
Advantage
Country Commodity
A B
Country 1 80 90