Theory and Designing of Structures

Lecturer: Clifford Grant

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 Rules
 Please place all cellphones on silent
 Respect your peers
 Interrupting others is impolite
 Please listen attentively

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What is thermal movement?
How does thermal movement occur?
 Thermal Movement
• Materials expand or contract when subjected to changes in
temperature. Most materials expand when they are heated,
and contract when they are cooled. When free to deform,
concrete will expand or contract due to fluctuations in
temperature.
• The size of the concrete structure whether it is a bridge, a
highway, or a building does not make it immune to the
effects of temperature.
• The expansion and contraction with changes in
temperature occur regardless of the structure’s cross-
sectional area.
At what temperature range does thermal
movement occur?
What is the purpose of constructing beams
 Beams
• A beam is a structural element that primarily
resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode
of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to
the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support
points.
• The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce shear forces and bending moments within the
beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and
deflections of the beam.
• Beams are characterized by their manner of support,
profile (shape of cross-section), length, and their material.
Lets look at a few application of beams
 Bending moment
• A bending moment is the reaction induced in
a structural element when an
external force or moment is applied to the
element causing the element to bend. The most
common or simplest structural element
subjected to bending moments is the beam.
Beams
 The End
Thank you and see you next class

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