INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES AND
LIQUIDS AND
SOLIDS
Lesson 2
General Chemistry
Engr. Mai Sasa
 MELC
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of

liquids and solids
review…
Recall the states or phases of matter and
their macroscopic properties.
 MOTIVATION - PROCESS QUESTIONS:

MOTIVATION
1. Can you tell why solids are compact and rigid?
2. Why are liquids able to follow the shape of the container?
3. Why do gases easily dissipate?
 THE MOLECULAR VIEW OF LIQUIDS
AND SOLIDS
Matter can exist in the following states, or phases: solid, liquid gas, plasma and
bose Einstein.
However, only the first three will be the focus for this course.
The figure shows the particles for these phases.
 THE CONDENSED
CONDENSEDSTATE:
STATE:
LIQUIDS ANDSOLIDS
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

IN LIQUIDS:
•the molecules are so close together that there is very little
empty space between them.
•much more difficult to compress and they are much denser
at normal conditions.
•Molecules are held together by one or more types of
attractive forces.
•molecules can move past one another freely.
•Liquids can flow, can be poured and assumes the shape of
its container.
THE CONDENSED
CONDENSEDSTATE:
STATE:
LIQUIDS ANDSOLIDS
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

IN SOLIDS:
• molecules are held tightly in position with virtually no
freedom of motion.
• There is even less empty space in a solid than in a
liquid.
• Solids are almost incompressible and possess definite
shape and volume.
FOR GASES
• An increase in temperature results in increased kinetic
energies of gases dissolved in liquids.
• This increased motion enables the dissolved gas to
break intermolecular forces with the solvent, and
escape the solution.
• Thus, a warm bottle of carbonated drink/ soft drink
does not taste as good as a cold one, because there is
less CO2 dissolved in the warm bottle.
Intermolecular forces are electrostatic in nature and include van der Waals
forces and hydrogen bonds.
Molecules in liquids are held to other molecules by intermolecular
interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular interactions that
hold the atoms together within molecules and polyatomic ions.
Transitions between the solid and liquid or the liquid and gas phases are
due to changes in intermolecular interactions but do not affect
intramolecular interactions.

 intermolecular forces weaker than ionic or covalent bonds

 many properties of liquids reflect strengths of
intermolecular forces
 three types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole forces,
London dispersion forces, and hydrogen-bonding forces
 Ion-Dipole Forces – exists between an ion and partial charge at one end of a polar
molecule (dipoles)
 magnitude of attraction increases as either the charge of ion or magnitude of dipole
moment increases

Dipole-Dipole Forces – exists between neutral polar molecules which

are very close together

 weaker than ion-dipole forces

 for molecules of approximately equal mass and size, the strengths
of intermolecular attractions increase with increasing polarity
 increase dipole moment ® increase boiling point
London Dispersion Forces – interparticle forces that exist between nonpolar
atoms or molecules

 also called van der Waals forces

 less than 15% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds
 electrostatic in nature, involves attractions between positive and negative species
 increase with increasing molecular size & molecular mass.

Hydrogen Bonding – special type of intermolecular attraction

that exists between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond and an
unshared electron pair on a nearby electronegative ion or atom
hydrogen bond with F, N, and O is polar
 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
http:// www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry
http:// www.khanacademy.com
 ASSIGNMENT:
Read on the properties of liquids and solids and how they are affected by IMFA.
ENGAGEMENT Name: _____________________________ Section: ______________
LAST NAME, FIRST NAME MIDDLE INITIAL
 
Activity KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY Score: _______________
Direction: Summarize the properties for solid, liquid gas in the following table.
  Behavior of Molecules
Properties of Solid Liquid Gas
Matter
Volume/ Shape      

 
Density      

Compressibility    

Motion of      
Molecules
ACTIVITY
Activity: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION Score: _____________

Direction: Identify the strongest IMFA present in the following compounds and write on the blank.
DDF Dipole-Dipole Force HB Hydrogen Bonding
IOF Ion-Dipole Force LDF London Dispersion Force
 
What is the strongest intermolecular force present for each of the following compounds? (2pts each)
1) water ______________ 6) carbon tetrachloride ______________
2) ammonia ______________ 7) carbon dioxide ______________
3) phosphorus trichloride______________ 8) nitrogen ______________
4) ethane (C2H­6) ______________ 9) acetone (CH2O) ______________
5) methanol (CH3OH)______________ 10) borane (BH3) ______________
ASSIMULATION
REFLECTION (Learning Journal) Score: _____________
1. What new skills have I learned?

2. Was I able to apply integrity and excellence as I performed the task assigned to me?

RUBRIC:

______________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME AND OF PARENT OR GUARDIAN
DATE: ______________ CONTACT NUMBER: _____________________________