Revision Guide

Particle theory revision

Particle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids,
liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.

SOLIDS
In a solid the particles ______
around a _____ position. There
is a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they
are very _____ together

Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed

 LIQUIDS
In a liquid the particles are
_____ together but can move in
any direction. They won’t keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.

GASES
In a gas the particles are very
far apart and move _____ in all
directions. They often ______
with each other and because
they are far apart they can be
easily _______. Particles in a
(zoomed out) gas have the most energy.

Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, squashed, solids

 Changes of State
How do you turn a solid
Q. What are into a liquid and then a
these changes of liquid into a gas?
state called? What about the reverse?

4 2
1
3

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Gas Diffusion
Diffusion is when something travels from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration. For example,
consider the scent from a hamburger…

The “scent particles” from

this hamburger are in high
concentration here:

Eventually they will

“diffuse” out into this area
of low concentration:

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Another example of diffusion
Here’s a lump of potassium
permanganate in water. What will
eventually happen to it?

What if the temperature of the liquid

was raised?

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Dissolving things – some definitions

If a substance CAN be dissolved it is called __________

If a substance CANNOT be dissolved it is called _________

08/09/2022 Words – soluble, solute, solvent, solution, insoluble

Saturated solutions
What happens when you put too much solute in?

Clearly, there is only so much

solute a solution can take…

A mixture that cannot take

any more solute is called a
“saturated solution”

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Solubility words
Something that CAN dissolve is described as being…
Solute
How much of something that can be dissolved is
called… Solution

Something that CANNOT be dissolved is described

Solvent
as being…
A solution that CAN’T dissolve anything else is… Soluble
The solid that will be dissolved is the…
Insoluble
The mixture of solute and solvent is called the…
The liquid that the solute will be dissolved into is Saturated
the…
Solubility
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Solubility “Solubility” means “how much can be dissolved” and is
measured in grams per 100g of solvent.
Solubility usually increases with temperature:

100
Solubility 80
g/100g
60 Salt

40
Potassium
20 chloride

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature/0C
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Example Solubility Question (Chem only)
Q. If a saturated solution of salt was cooled from
40g
50OC to 20OC, how much salt would crystallise?

100
Solubility
80
g/100g Salt
60
40 Potassium
chloride
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature/0C
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 Element, compound or mixture?

Element

Hydrogen

Compound

Hydrochloric acid

Mixture

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Boiling Points of Mixtures
Pure elements and compounds boil at specific temperatures
(e.g pure water boils at 100OC). However, what happens
when you have a mixture?

Some questions:
% of % of water Boiling
ethanol Point (OC) 1) What temperature
100 0 78
does pure ethanol boil
at?
80 20 82
2) What effect does
60 40 90 adding ethanol have to
40 60 94
the boiling point?
3) What would be the
20 80 98
boiling point of a 50/50
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0 100 100 mix?
 Separating Mixtures 1 - Distillation
This apparatus can be used to separate
water and ethanol because they have
different _____ ______. The ______
will evaporate first, turn back into a
_______ in the condenser and collect
in the _______. The water remains in
the round flask, as long as the
_______ does not exceed water’s
boiling point. This method can be used
to separate any liquids with different
boiling points such as the fractional
distillation of ____ ___.
08/09/2022 Words – temperature, boiling points, ethanol, beaker, liquid, crude oil
Separating Mixtures 3 and 4
Filtration Crystallisation

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Rf value
The Rf value is a way of measuring how far a substance has
moved:
This line marks the distance travelled by
the solvent

Distance travelled by substance

Rf value =
Distance travelled by solvent

R G B

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Example
Calculate the R questions
values of the following:
f

10cm

8cm

5cm
2cm

R G B

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Separating mixtures summary
1) A mixture containing something that DOES
dissolve can be separated using __________
2) A mixture of liquids with different boiling points
can be separated using _________
3) A mixture of different inks can be separated using
_______
4) A mixture containing something that DOES NOT
dissolve can be separated using _________

Words: Distillation, chromatography, evaporation, filtration

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The structure of the atom

Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/2000 (i.e. 0) -1
MASS NUMBER = number of
protons + number of neutrons

SYMBOL

ATOMIC NUMBER = number of

protons. All atoms of a particular
element must have the same
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number of protons.
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Consider an atom of
Electron structure Potassium:

Nucleus
Potassium has 19 electrons. These
electrons occupy specific energy
levels “shells”…
The inner shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
Electron structure
The next shell has __ electrons = 2,8,8,1
The next shell has the remaining __ electron
Electron structure
Draw the electronic structure of the following atoms:

Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus

Electron structure Electron structure Electron structure

08/09/2022 = 2,5 = 2,8,2 = 2,8,8,2