Naming Chemical Com-

pounds

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Objective

1. Name compounds given their formula

and write formula given the name of the
compound
2. Practice chemical nomenclature; writing
the chemical formula of ionic compounds;
naming ionic compounds from formulas
Chemical compounds are formed when
elements are joined by chemical bonds.
These bonds are so strong that the
compound behaves like a single sub-
stance.Compounds have their own proper-
ties that are unique from the elements they
are
How compounds are named

Chemists have specific way of naming

compounds. It is a standard method of
naming compounds. The name is built
from the elements and the construction
of the molecules.
 Classes of Compounds
1. Acids – in the conventional sense, maybe recognized by noting that
the H is written first in the formula and the rest of the compound is
generally nonmetallic. Ex. HCl, HClO, H2 SO4.

2. Bases – have OH radicals written last in the formula. The first part
of the formula is usually a metal. Ex. NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe2 (OH)2

3. Salt – consists of a metal, written first, combined with a nonmetal or

radical written last in the formula. Ex. NaCl, Fe2 (SO4)3

4. Oxides – compounds containing oxygen and only one other ele-

 Classes of Oxides

1. Nonmetal oxides or acidic anhydride – if the

element other than oxygen is a nonmetal.
2. Metallic oxides or basic anhydrides – consist of
oxygen combined with a metal.
 Properties of acids

1. They have a sour taste. Lemons, oranges, and other citrus

fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid; the
taste of sour milk is due to the presence of lactic acid.
2. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is a dye which has a
red color in acid soln. and a blue color in basic soln;
3. They react w/ certain metals to produce hydrogen.
4. They react w/ bases to produce salts and water.
 Properties of bases
1. bitter taste
2. soapy or slipper feeling
3. turn red litmus paper blue.
4. React w/ acids to form salts and water.
5. Most metallic hydroxides are insoluble in
water.
Salts
- an acid reacts w/ base to produce a salt and water. Hydrogen
from the acid combines w/ hydroxide from the base to form
water molecules.

Ex. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + HOH

The reaction of an acid w/ a base is called NEUTRALIZATION.

If all the water is removed by evaporation from the soln after
the reaction, the positive ions from the base and the negative
ions from the acid form a crystal lattice of solid salt.
 NOMENCLATURE
Ion Corresponding acid

_____ ate _____ ic

_____ ite _____ ous

_____ ide Hydro _____ ic

Basic Naming Convention

When you have two different elements,

there are usually only two words in the
compound name. The first word is the name of the
first element. The second word tells
you the second element and how many atoms
there are in the compound. The second word
usually ends in IDE. That's the suffix.
 Naming of Compounds

Before naming a compound, you have to

figure out what kind of compound it is. We
will consider two types:
1. Ionic Compound without a transition
metal
2. Ionic Compound with a transition metal
3. Covalent Compound
1. Covalent Compounds
 These are formed from non-metals that
share electrons. Because there are many
sharing possibilities between two
non-metals, the formula cannot be
guessed unless we have a naming system
that reveals the number of atoms in-
volved.
For this, we use a set of prefixes:
Covalent Prefixes
1 Mono-

2 Di-

3 Tri-

4 Tetra-

5 Penta-

6 Hexa-

7 Hepta-

8 Octa-

9 Nona-

10 Deca-
 Naming of Compounds
The only time we drop a prefix is if the  mono is to appear at the beginning
of the name.
Examples:       
- CO = carbon monoxide ( note we don't say  monocarbon monoxide)
- CO2 = carbon dioxide
To go backwards
dinitrogen pentoxide = N2O5.
phosphorus trichloride = PCl3.

Note that none of the above compounds contain a metal. Metals do not
form covalent compounds, so we generally don't use prefixes for
compounds containing metals.
Give the names of the ff. Cpds
1. CCl4 –
2. P2O10 –
3. N3Cl5 -
Answer:
4. Carbon tetrachloride
5. Diphosphorus pentoxide
6. Trinitrogen pentachloride
2. Ionic Compound

ionic compounds are formed when a metal

gives up its electrons to a non-metal.
Basically if the compound contains a metal, it
is ionic.
 Predicting Charges on Monatomic Ions
+1 +2 KNOW THESE !!!! -3 -2 -1 0

Cd+2
Anions

-The ion in an electrolyzed

solution that migrates to the
anode
-Negatively charged ion
Anions
Cation

-The ion in an electrolyzed

solution that migrates to the
cathode
-Positively charged ion
Cations
Cations w/ Multiple oxidation states
Acids
 Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Compounds
A. Binary Compounds Containing a Metal and a Nonmetal (ionic com-
pounds)
1. Name of cation is given first (same as name of element)
2. Name of anion is given second
i. Monoatomic anions end in –ide
ii. Polyatomic ion names do not change
B. Binary Compounds between Two Nonmetals (molecular compounds)
1. Prefixes are used to specify the number of each atom present
i.e. 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa
2. If first atom is a single atom then prefix “mono’ is omitted
 Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Compounds

Binary Compounds Containing a Metal and a Nonmetal (ionic com-

pounds)
1. Name of cation is given first (same as name of element)
2. Name of anion is given second i. Monoatomic anions end in –ide ii.
Polyatomic ion names do not change
 Naming Compounds
Examples

Name the compound RbI.

·        Rb is the chemical symbol for rubidium.
·        I is the chemical symbol for iodine, whose root is
“iod.” Add the “ide” ending to get iodide.
·        Put the pieces together to get the name
 rubidium iodide.
 Naming Compounds
Examples

Name the compound CaO.

·        Ca is the chemical symbol for calcium.
·        O is the symbol for oxygen, whose root is “ox.”
Add the “ide” ending to get oxide.
·        Put the pieces together to get the name calcium
oxide.
 Naming Compounds
Examples
Name the compound Li3N.
·        Li is the chemical symbol for lithium.
·        N is the chemical symbol for nitrogen, whose root
is “nitr.” Add the “ide” ending to get nitride.
·        Put the pieces together to get the name lithium
nitride.
 
 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

PROBLEM: Name the ionic compound formed from the following pairs of
elements:
(a) magnesium and nitrogen (b) iodine and cadmium
(c) strontium and fluorine (d) sulfur and potassium
Use the periodic table to decide which element is the metal
PLAN:
and which the nonmetal. The metal (cation) is named first
and we use the -ide suffix on the nonmetal name root.
SOLUTION: (a) magnesium nitride

(b) cadmium iodide

(c) strontium fluoride

(d) potassium sulfide

Lets have a review!
Naming ionic compounds

• NH4Cl • ammonium chloride

• TiBr3 • titanium (III) bromide

• GaAs • gallium arsenide

• Cu3P • copper (I) phosphide

• lead (IV) sulfate

• Pb(SO4)2
Writing Chemical Formula
Rules for Writing
1. Sum of charges of all ions must equal zero i.e. total
negative charge of all anions must cancel the total
positive charge of all cations.
2. Use subscripts to indicate the presence of more
than one ion
3. Polyatomic ions must be in parentheses if subscripts
are used.
 Chemical Formula
STEP-BY-STEP
 Chemical Formula
STEP-BY-STEP
Chemical Formula
STEP-BY-STEP
 Chemical Formula
STEP-BY-STEP
 Chemical Formula
STEP-BY-STEP
 Chemical Formula
Example
• Magnesium Chloride
·        The chemical symbol of magnesium is Mg. Mg is in the 2 nd column of the pe-
riodic table, therefore, its oxidation state is +2.
·        Chloride is derived from chlorine, whose symbol is Cl. Its oxidation state is -1.
                                  +2       -1
·        So far we have… Mg  Cl
·        The total positive charge must balance the total negative charge. Therefore,
we need 2 chlorine atoms to give a total negative charge of -2. This balances the
charge on the magnesium.
·        Putting it all together we have MgCl2.
 Chemical Formula
Example
Write the formula for potassium sulfide.
·        The chemical symbol of potassium is K. K is in the 1st column of the periodic table, there-
fore, its oxidation state is +1.
·        Sulfide is derived from sulfur, whose symbol is S. Its oxidation state is -2.
                                               +1 -2
·        So far we have… K S.
·        The total positive charge must balance the total negative charge. Therefore, we need 2 K
atoms to give a total positive charge of +2. This balances the -2 charge on the sulfur.
·        Putting it all together we have K2S.
Sample Problem 2.7 Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds of Elements That Form More Than
One Ion
PROBLEM: Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas
for the names of the following compounds:
(a) tin(II) fluoride (b) CrI3
(c) manganese (IV) sulfide (d) CrO3
PLAN: Compounds are neutral. We find the smallest number of
each ion which will produce a neutral formula. Use sub-
scripts to the right of the element symbol.
SOLUTION: (a) Tin (II) is Sn2+; fluoride is F-; so the formula is SnF2.
(b) The anion I is iodide(I-); 3I- means that Cr(chromium) is +3.
CrI3 is chromium(III) iodide
(c) Manganese (IV) is Mn2+; sulfide is S2-, therefore the for-
mula is MnS2.
(d) Cr is chromium; the anion O is oxide(2-); the compound is
chromium (VI) oxide.
Evaluation
Write the formula of the following compound
•sodium chloride
•calcium nitride
•sodium bicarbonate
Answers:
NaCl
Ca3N2
NaHCO3
Evaluation
Name the following compounds

•LiF
•CaCl2
•Al2S3
•Answers:
lithium fluoride
calcium chloride
aluminum sulfide
1. What is the name for the ff. cpds?
1. CaBr2
Calcium Bromide

2. Mg3N2
Magnesium nitride

3. Al2S3
Aluminum sulfide
4. KCl
Potassium chloride

5. Na2O
Sodium oxide
 Write the correct formula for the ff. cpds.
1. Strontium bicarbonate
Sr(HCO3)2

2. Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3

3. Iron (II) Sulfate

FeSO4
4. Magnesium phosphate
Mg3(PO4)2

5. Copper (II) Carbonate

CuCO3
 Lead (IV) Permanganate

Pb+4 + MnO4-1 Pb(MnO4)4

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH FORMULAS
OF COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF THE
INDICATED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
IONS.
GIVE THE NAME OF THE FORMULAS.
 Chemical Compounds
When atoms approach other in a chemical reaction, the
electrons of the atoms interact to form chemical bonds.
Compounds are substances composed of more than one
element, chemically combined.
E. g. HCl, H2O, NH3

There are three fundamental kinds of chemical bonds

between atoms-covalent bonds, ionic bonds and metallic
bonds.
 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas

i) Molecular Compounds
~ A molecular compound is made up of discrete units called molecules, which
typically consist of two or more of nonmetal atoms held together by covalent
bonds. A covalent bond, the most common kind of chemical bond, results when
two atoms share electrons.
Even some elements exit as molecules rather than as atoms.
Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur and
phosphorus all exist as molecules whose atoms held together by covalent bond.
Therefore, we have to write them as H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, S8 and P4 when
using any of these elements in a chemical equation.
 Chemical Formulas

A compound is represented by giving its chemical formula, a notation that

uses atomic symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative pro-
portion of atoms of different elements in the substance.
E.g. The two elements present

H2O

Lack of subscript means one atom of O per formula unit

two H atoms per formula unit
The three elements present
CH2O
Lack of subscript means one atom of O per formula unit

two H atoms per formula unit

Lack of subscript means one atom of C per formula unit

 Some Common Types of Formulas
i) An empirical formula is the simplest formula for a compound; it shows the
types of atoms present and their relative numbers. Compounds with different
molecular formulas can have the same empirical formulas and such substances
will have the same percentage composition. E.g. Acetic acid (C2H4O2),
formaldehyde (CH2O), and glucose (C6H12O6) all have the empirical formula
CH2O. Generally, empirical formula does not tell us much about a molecule.

ii) A molecular formula is based on an actual molecule of a compound. It

gives the exact number of different atoms of an element in a molecule. In
some cases, the empirical formula and the molecular formula are identical
E.g. formaldehyde CH2O. In other cases, the molecular formula is a multiple
of the empirical formula unit E.g. C6H12O6 = (CH2O)6
Compound Molecula Empirical Ratio of atoms in compound
formula formula
Carbon CO2 CO2 1 carbon atom : two oxygen atoms
dioxide
formaldehyde CH2O CH2O 1 carbon atom : two hydrogen atoms : 1
oxygen atom
Acetic acid C2H4O2 CH2O 1 carbon atom : two hydrogen atoms : 1 oxygen
atom

Empirical and molecular formulas tell us the combining ratio of the

atoms in the compound, but show nothing about how the atoms are at-
tached to each other.

There are other types of formula that will show the connectivity of atoms
in a molecule.
 Structure and Condensed Formulas
H O
H C C O H
CH3COOH
H
structural formula condensed formula
iii) A structural formula shows the order in which atoms are bonded
together in a molecule and by what types of bonds. The covalent
bonds in the structure formula are represented by lines (). Each
line represents one bond.
 
iv) A condensed structural formula: a less cumbersome way of
showing how the atoms are connected
 acetic acid CH2O C2H4O2
name empirical formula molecular
formula
H O
H C C O H
CH3COOH
H
structural formula condensed formula
 Molecular Models

To show three-dimensional structures of molecules is by structural models

ball-and-stick
type

space-filling
type
 Structural Models
1) ball-and stick-model, the centers of the bonded atoms
are represented by small balls, and the bonds between
atoms by sticks. Such model help us to visualize distances
between the centers of atoms (bond length) and the geo-
metrical shapes of molecules.
2) A space-filling model shows that the atoms in a mole-
cule occupy space and that they are in actual contact with
one another. This model is the most accurate representa-
tion of the size and shape of a molecule because it con-
structed to scale.
 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS

- ARE FORMULAS THAT SHOW

WHICH ELEMENTS ARE
PRESENT AND IN WHAT RATIO
THEY EXIST IN THE SUBSTANCE.
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BE-
TWEEN MOLECULAR FORMULA
AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA IS
THAT E.F., THE RATIO IS AT ITS
SMALLEST WHOLE-NUMBER
VALUE WHILE A M.F. SHOWS
THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF EACH
ELEMENT IN THE SUBSTANCE.
 example
water Hydrogen Perox-
ide
Molecular formula H2O H2O2

Empirical formula H2O HO

Structural formula H-O-H H-O-O-H