ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

PRINCIPLES I

Lecture 01

T. Subashini De Silva
subashini.d@slit.lk
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Faculty Of Engineering
Sri Lanka Institute Of Information Technology
CONTENT
 Assessment Criteria
 Module Outline
 Learning Outcomes
 Recommended Texts
 Units and Engineering Notations
 Circuit Diagrams
 Voltage & Current
 Resistance
 Ohm’s Law
 Power & Energy
 Voltage Divider Rule
 Current Divider Rule
 Assessment Criteria
The Module Assessment is based on Semester End Examination, Mid Semester
Examination and Continuous Assessments. Continuous Assessments are based on
In-class Tests, Assignments and Laboratory Experiments.

 End Examination Weightage – 70%

 Mid Semester Examination Weightage – 10%
 Continuous Assessments Weightage – 20%
 Assignments Weightage – 5%
 Laboratories – 15% (5% - Attendance & 10% - Report/Work done)

To pass the unit students are required to get minimum of 45% from the total mark.
Module Outline
 Basic AC & DC Technology
 Units & Measurement Techniques
 Components, diagrams & circuit theory
 Ohm’s Law &Kirchhoff's Law
 Resistivity, Electromotive Force & Potential Difference
 Resistors in Series & Parallel Combinations
 Single source circuits
 Network theorems
 Mesh/Nodal Analysis
 Power, Maximum power transfer
 Steady State Circuit Theory
 Resonance, Series & Parallel resonance
 Q factor
 Phasor Diagrams
 Active, Apparent & Reactive Power
 Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module you will be able to,

 Describe and apply relevant electrical and electronic principles and methodology.
 Communicate clearly using standard engineering technology, units and diagrams.
 Recall, explain and use basic laws and appropriate theorems for analytical purposes.
 Idealize simple physical problems in terms of mathematical models and solve for
unknown values.
 Characterize and analyze fundamental DC and single-phase AC circuits.
 Carry out appropriate laboratory work.
 Recommended Texts

ROBBINS, A. II. (2003). Circuit Analysis – Theory and Practice (3rd ed.)
Units and Engineering Notations
 Two types of Unit Systems are available
English (US Customary)
Metric
English Metric
Length Inch Centimeter
Feet Meter
Mile Kilometer
Mass Pound Kilogram
Ounce Gram
Liquid Volume Gallon Liter
Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius

 Most preferred unit system is Metric. This is extended to represent many more
units named as International System of Units or SI Units
 In Engineering Notation Prefixes are used to represent powers of ten.

Power of 10 Symbol Prefix

1012 T Terra
109 G Giga
106 M Mega
103 k kilo
10-3 m mili
10-6 µ micro
10-9 n nano
10-12 P pico
Circuit Diagrams
Three methods are in used to represent a circuit diagram.
 Block Diagram
The circuit diagram breaks into number of blocks.
This helps to understand the general nature of a circuit diagram.
 Pictorial Diagram
Draw the circuit components as they actually appear.
Provide a detail view of a circuit diagram.

 Schematic Diagram
Simplified Pictorial Diagrams.
Use standard symbols of each component in a circuit diagram.
Voltage & Current
Definition of Voltage
the voltage between two points is one volt if it requires one joule of energy to move
one coulomb of charge from one point to the other

Definition of Current
one ampere is the current in a circuit when one coulomb of charge passes a given
point in one second

• Alternating Current – AC
• Direct Current - DC
Constant Voltage & Current Sources

Ideal Voltage Source Actual Constant Voltage Source

Ideal Current Source Actual Constant Current Source

Ohm’s Law
Definition: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,

Where, V – voltage in volts,

R – resistance in ohms,
I – current in amperes

 In a Open Circuit - flow of current is zero (‘0’)

 In a Short Circuit – voltage across two pints is zero (‘0’)
Resistance
 Resistance is a character in materials which oppose the flow of
current.

– resistivity, in ohm-meters (-m)

– length, in meters (m)
A – cross-sectional area, in square meters (m2)
 There are several factors that affect the resistance of a conductor;
• material, eg copper, has lower resistance than steel
• length - longer wires have greater resistance
• thickness - smaller diameter wires have greater resistance
• temperature - heating a wire increases its resistance
 Resistors in Series & Parallel

Total Resistance (R) = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

 Star to Delta & Delta to Star Conversion

Power & Energy
Power (P) – Rate of doing work or rate of transfer energy

Deriving power in Electrical & Electronic Systems

Also using Ohm’s Law and

Efficiency (ɳ) of a device is defined as the ratio of Power Output to
power input as a percentage.

Where,

In a cascaded system,
Voltage Divider Rule

The voltage drop across any series resistor is proportional to its magnitude and also the
total voltage drop across all the resistors must equal to the applied voltage source by
KVL

 The total voltage across a series string is divided among the resistors according to a
simple ratio.
Current Divider Rule