Presented by:

Bhatti Sakirhusen (180305103012)

Gohil Kiran (180305103033)
Joshi Keyur (180305103040)

Mentor:
Dr. Shivendu Saxena
(Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical
engineering)

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 Sewage wastewater treatment
using hybrid treatment approach​
comprises of biological
and membrane treatment methods​

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 Introduction

What is sewage wastewater ?

 It is the contaminated water from homes,
schools, and businesses.  It comes from toilets,
showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc.  
 The contaminants include fecal matter, urine,
soaps, detergents, food particles, hair, rags,
paper, toys, dead goldfish, and anything else
that is disposed in a drain.  
 A person creates an average of 60 to 100
gallons of wastewater every day.

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Source of wastewater 

• Human waste
• Washing water Rainfall collected
on roofs, yards, hard-standings
• Domestic sources
• Direct ingress of river water
• Highway drainage
• Industrial water

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Constituents Present in Wastewater
Sr. No. Contaminant Source Environment Significance

1. Suspended Solids Domestic use, Industrial wastes Cause sludge deposits and anaerobic
conditon in aquatic environment

2.  Biodegradable Organics Domestic use, Industrial wastes Cause biological degradation

3. Pathogens  Domestic water Transmit communicable disease

4. Nutrients Domestic and Industrial wastes Cause eutrophication

5. Refactory Oragnics Industrial wastes Cause taste and odour problems

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Characteristics of wastewater 

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Physical Characteristics of Wastewater :

•  Color - Fresh sewage is normally brown and yellowish in color but over time
becomes black in color. 

• Odor – Wastewater that includes sewage typically develops a strong odor. 

• Temperature - Due to more biological activity, wastewater will have a higher

temperature. 

• Turbidity - Due to suspended solids in wastewater, wastewater will have a

higher turbidity, or cloudiness. 

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Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater :

· Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - COD is a measure of organic materials in

wastewater in terms of the oxygen required to oxidize the organic materials. 

· Total Organic Carbon (TOC) - TOC is a measure of carbon within organic materials. 

· Nitrogen - Organic nitrogen is the amount of nitrogen present in organic compounds. 

· Phosphorous - Organic phosphorous (in protein) and inorganic phosphorous

(phosphates, PO4- ) 
· Chlorides (Cl-) 
· Sulfates (SO4-2) 
· Heavy metals 

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 Aim & Objectives
Aim : To treat sewage wastewater using hybrid treatment
approach compromises of biological and membrane treatment.

Objectives : 
1. To stabilize the organic matter so that it can disposed of safely.

2. To convert the sewage water into an effluent of an acceptable

standard of purity which can be disposed off into land, rivers or
sea.

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Sewage wastewater treatment 

It is the removal of impurities

from wastewater, or sewage,
before it reaches aquifers or
natural bodies of water such
as rivers, lakes, estuaries,
and oceans. 

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

D. Sathiyasree Raw sewage Activated Sludge The sewage wastewater

Dhanasekaran & R. pH = 8.7, Process is amenable for
Ashwini Rajendiran BOD=204 mg/l, treatment by Activated
(2016) COD=460 mg/l, Sludge Process and a
TSS=210 mg/l, maximum treatment
TDS=500 mg/l, efficiency of 91% in
Chlorides=50 mg/l terms of COD removal
was achieved.

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

Et. Al (2019) pH=8.72, Activated Sludge pH= 6.5-8, Removal of

BOD=139 mg/l, Process the 52% BOD,
Turbidity= 42 NTU, Chloride content is
Acidity=96 mg/l, reduced about 70%,
Chlorides=432 mg/l, acidity of water is
DO= 8.76 mg/l reduced to 12 mg/L, DO
of water is 12, so it can
be discharged into
stream.

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

Joshua Amarnath D. et Raw sewage Extend Activated Sludge Treated Effluent

al (2015) pH = 8.11, Process pH = 7.9,
BOD5=142mg/l, (EASP), Activated Removal of the 56%
COD=412 mg/l, TSS=42 Sludge Process BOD & 77% COD,
mg/l, TDS=688 mg/l, TSS=4 mg/l, TDS=552
Turbidity= 36 NTU, mg/l, Turbidity= 14
Chlorides=396 mg/l NTU, Chlorides=148
mg/l

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

S K Shivar Anjani and Raw sewage Activated Sludge The characteristic like
Lisa Mary Thomas pH = 8.7, Process BOD was reduced to 40
(2010) BOD=630 mg/l, mg/l at 93.7% efficiency
COD=940 mg/l, and Turbidity was
Ammoniacal reduced to 80 NTU at
nitrogen=400 mg/l, 87.6% efficiency.
Sulphates=960 mg/l,
Turbidity= 650 NTU,
Chlorides=1780 mg/l,
Total hardness=1250
mg/l

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

Swapnil A Dharaskar et BOD5 Activated Sludge The result of the study

al(2015) COD Process demonstrated that an
Nitrogen efficiency of above 90%
MLSS for COD could be
obtained if the ASP is
operated at an MLVSS
concentration of
3000mg/l keeping an
aeration time of 1hr.

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

Madan Tandukar et all BOD Activated sludge Organic carbon and

(2007) COD process(ASP),Upflow nitrogen removal
SS anaerobic sluge blanket efficiencies of UASB+DHS
VSS digestion(UASB),Downf system were analogous
low hanging to that of ASP.
sponge(DHS) Efficiencies of both
systems were above 90%
with excellent quality of
the effluent.

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

P.Jenicek.all TS monitoring of digesters’ These results of the

(2012) VS operation intensified anaerobic
Intensification steps in digestion process
GC CWWTP brought CWWTP close
HWD to energy self-sufficiency
which reaches 70-80%.

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 Literature Reviews

Reference Wastewater Treatment Method Result/Remark

(author & year) characteristics

Vlasios Agridiotis() BOD Activated Sludge COD removal is affected

COD Process(ASP) from low dissolve
Chlorinated compounds oxygen and high organic
Suspended solids load. Low dissolve
oxygen and organic
overload supported the
growth of NALO.

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 Proposed Methodology
Hybrid Treatment Approach

1. Biological Treatment

2. Membrane Treatment

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Biological Treatment using Activated Sludge Process

 Activated Sludge Process:

 The activated sludge process is the most commonly used biological

wastewater treatment system. 

 Activated sludge process is a biological process in which microorganisms

oxidize and mineralize organic matter.

 It mainly consists of several biological reactors (aerated tanks),and solid-liquid

separators (secondary clarifiers or settlers).

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An activated sludge plant essentially consists of the following: 

1) Aeration tank containing microorganisms in suspension in which

reaction takes place.

2) Activated sludge recirculation system. 

3) Excess sludge wasting and disposal facilities. 

4) Aeration systems to transfer oxygen 

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 Operating and Design Parameters

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : open reflux method based on titration method

 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) : BOD5 using titration method

 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) : Residue retain on glass fibre filter of 2μm, dried at 103-105°C

 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) : Filtered through glass fibre filter (2μm) and dried at 180 °C

 Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) : Residue retain on glass fibre filter of 2um, ignited at 550°C

 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) (Organic Nitrogen + Ammonia) : open reflux method based on
titration method

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 Operating and Design Parameters
 F:M RATIO : The food-to-microorganism ratio or F/M is a measurement of the food entering
the activated sludge process and the microorganisms (bacteria) in the aeration tanks.

F/M = (pounds BOD to the aeration tank)/(pounds of MTVSS in the aeration tank)

 Hydraulic Retention Time or HRT : The hydraulic retention or HRT of an aeration. tank is the
amount of time in hours for wastewater to pass through the aeration tank.

HRT (hours) = (volume of aeration tank, gallons)/(flow rate, gph)

 Mean Cell Residence Time or MCRT : The mean cell residence time or MCRT is the amount of
time, in days, that solids or bacteria are maintained in the activated sludge process.

MCRT = (suspended solids in the ASP)/(suspended solids leaving the ASP)

 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids or MLVSS : It represents the population

size of bacteria within the activated sludge process.

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 Air Requirement
Total BOD loading to be removed (Influent) = 0.025 kg/Day

Hence O2 to be transferred = 0.025 kg Day

Method of Aeration = Fine Bubble Diffuser

SOTE (Standard O2 Transfer Efficiency For 10-20 mm disc type diffuser submergence) = 5-10%

Hence O2 required = 0.025/0.10 = 0.25 kg/day.

Assuming alpha Factor (Ratio of SOTE in clean water to effluent water) = 0.8 and

Another alpha Factor (Factor for fouling of diffusers) = 0.8

Oxygen requirement = 0.25/0.8 = 0.3125 kg/day = 0.3125/0.8 = 0.3906 kg/day

Air Requirement = (0.3906*100)/21-1.86 kg/day. {Oxygen in the atmospheric air = 21%}

Air requirement = 2.33 m3/Day = 0.097 m3/Hr ~0.1 m3/Hr {with Sp.gravity of Air at 50°C = 0.8 kg/m²}

For efficient aeration 5 % extra air can be supplied, So 0.11 m3/Hr

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 Aeration tank calculation

Small air pump flow rate - 100 ltr/Hr, with 90% efficiency

HRT for aeration (hr) = Volume of sample / Flow rate (m3/min)

= 100/90 = 1.11 Hr ~ 1.15 Hr

Volume of the aeration tank (18-20ltr)

Flow rate of the feed for 18 ltr working volume = 18/1.15

= 15.65 ltr/Hr = 0.00026 m3/min

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 Experimental Work
Sample Collection:

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 Experimental Work

Determination of COD

Reagents/Chemicals:

a) Potassium dichromate
b) Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
c) Ferroin Indicator
d) Sulfuric acid reagent
e) Mercuric Sulphate

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Experimental Work
COD Digestor

Temperature: 150 °C
Time: 2 Hours

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 Experimental Work
Titration for COD

30 ml sample from COD vials Reddish Brown color after

Titration against standard FAS Solution after
collected from COD digestor titration
adding 1-2 drops of Ferroin Indicator

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Experimental Work

ASP in Batch Process

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Characterization of Sewage Water
Sr Initial pH Time Initial COD
No. (minutes) (mg/l)
1. 6 80 300
2. 8 80 300
3. 6 160 300
4. 6 80 500
5. 8 80 500
6. 6 160 500
7. 8 160 500
8. 5.31 120 400
9. 8.68 120 400
10. 7 52.7 400
11. 7 187.27 400
12. 7 120 400
13. 7 120 400
14. 7 120 400

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 Results 
Sr Final pH Time Final COD Removal
No. (minutes) (mg/l) efficiency (%)
1. 6.07 80 86.7 71.1
2. 6.69 80 92 69.33
3. 6.03 160 318
4. 6.36 80 92.8 81.44
5. 6.33 80 81.6 83.68
6. 6.01 160 332 33.6
7. 6.18 160 145.3 70.94
8. 6.31 120 100 75
9. 7.37 120 92 77
10. 6.55 52.7 140 65
11. 6.46 187.27 52 87
12. 6.66 120 254.76 36.31
13. 6.58 120 254 36.5
14. 6.37 120 33.3 91.67

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 Results 

 Maximum COD Removal = 91.67 % , When

pH = 7
Time Duration = 120 minutes
COD Loading = 400 mg/l

 Overall COD Removal = 67.58 %

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 Conclusion 

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 References

 Swapnil A. Dharaskar, Treatment of biological wastewater using activated sludge process, (2015)
 Mandan Tandukar, Akiyoshi Ohashi, Hideki Harada, Performance comparison of a pilot-scale UASB and DHS system
and activated sludge process for the treatment of municipal wastewater(2007)
 P Jenicek, J Bartacek, J Kutil, J Zabranska, M Dohanyos, Water science and technology 66(6), 1277-1281, (2012)
 Vlasios Agridiotis, Activated sludge treatment of paper mill effluents(2014)
 D. Sathiyasree Dhanasekaran, R. Aswini Rajendiran, Biological treatment of wastewater for institution using activated
sludge process(2016)
 Sushil P. Deshmukh, Ashwini A. Pawar, Parikshit D. Chavan, in journal of advances and scholarly researchers in allied
education Multidisciplinary academic research(2015)
 S. Kitanou, M. Tahri, B. Bachiri, M. Mahi, M. Hafsi, M. Taky, A. Elmidaoui, Water sci technol 78(5): 1129-1136,(2018)
 S. Kitanou, M. Tahri, B. Bachiri, M. Mahi, M. Hafsi, M. Taky, A. Elmidaoui, Water sci technol 78(5): 1129-1136,(2018)

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 References

 Joshua Amarnath D, Thamilamudhan R, Rajan S, Comparative study on wastewater treatment using activated sludge
process and extended aeration sludge process(2015)
 T. R. Dakshayani, Shilpa M. Swaraj, N Vetrivel Treatment of domestic wastewater using activated sludge process,
(2019)
 N. Engelhardt, W. Firk, W. Warken, Integration of membrane filtration into the activated sludge process in municipal
wastewater treatment(1998)
 Nick Nichola, Pros and Cons of wastewater treatment methods: Coagulation and Disinfection(2005)
 E. La Motta, Jimenez D, J. Parker, Removal of particulate COD by bioflocculation in the activated sludge
process(2003)
 Georgios Samiotis, Alexandros Koutelias, Dimitrios Tzelios, Innovative approach on aerobic activated sludge process
towards more sustainable wastewater treatment(2000)
 Zhou Jia, Ma Limin, Song Houran, Research advance of the model of activated sludge process to wastewater
treatment(2002)
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THANK YOU