Sub-regional workshop on

measuring
violence against women
Henrica A.F.M. (Henriette) Jansen

UNECE, Geneva
27-29 April 2011
1
 Goals of the workshop (1)
• Conceptual understanding of gender-based
violence, its characteristics, causes and impact on
women and children.
• Understanding of the goals of the survey module
and its use in a dedicated survey or as part of
another survey.
• Knowledge of the ways of adapting and translating
the survey module, including combining the module
with optional modules on other subjects.

2
 Goals of the workshop (2)
• Understanding of the UN indicators on violence
against women and the way they are retrieved from
the data collected with the module, including
knowledge of software options.
• Knowledge of the specific aspects of interviewing skills
and ethical and safety guidelines in surveys on violence
against women
• Advice on selection, training, supervision and support
of interviewers for surveys on violence against women.

3
 Day 1
1. Introduction and expectations
2. Ground rules
3. Sex and gender
4. What is violence against women, its consequences
and causes?
5. Presentations from countries
6. VAW indicators (Friends of the Chair)
7. Demonstration interview – UNECE VAW module

4
 Day 2
1. VAW module and question by question
explanation
2. Movie ‘Las Mofas Magicas’ (Daniel Rebner)
3. Dedicated survey vs. Add-on module
4. Examples of other modules
5. Ethical and safety issues

5
 Day 3
1. Selection and training of interviewers
2. Training and interviewer manuals (including
interview techniques)
3. Monitoring and supervision of interviewers
4. Code book and table shells
5. Data entry and analysis options
6. Planning the use of the module for individual
countries
7. Wrap-up

6
Day 1

7
 Ground Rules
• Regular attendance
• Be respectful
• Ask for help when you don’t understand
• Listen without judgement or criticism
• Be willing to challenge your beliefs
• Honor confidentiality
• No one is required to share more than they
want to
8
 Defining Sex and Gender
• Sex refers to the biological differences between
men and women. They are generally permanent
and universal.

• Gender refers to the norms, roles and social

relations between men and women. It is socially
constructed and varies from society to society.
Gender roles can be changed.

9
 Sex and gender quiz
1. This study collected [gender/sex]-disaggregated data.
 This study collected sex-disaggregated data.
2. The health ministry developed a [gender/sex]-sensitive HIV
policy.
 The health ministry developed a gender-sensitive HIV
policy.
3. My company has staffing policies on [gender/sex] balance.
 My company has staffing policies on sex balance.
4. What is your [gender/sex]? Male or female?
 What is your sex? Male or female?

10
Violence against women

11
 ACTIVITY
• Types of violence against women

• Consequences of violence against women

• Underlying reasons/causes of violence against

women

12
 What is violence against women?

“ any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is

likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological
harm or suffering to women, including threats of
such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty,
whether occurring in public or private life".

(United Nations, 1993)

13
 Violence against women includes:

• partner abuse
• sexual abuse of girls
• rape, including marital rape
• dowry related violence
• female genital mutilation
• trafficking in women
• forced prostitution
• sexual harassment at the workplace
• violence condoned or carried out by the state (i.e. rape in
war)
14
 Definition of domestic violence

• A pattern of assaultive and coercive

behaviors,

• including physical, sexual and psychological

attacks, as well as economic coercion,

• used by adults or adolescents against family

members, most commonly against their
current or former intimate partners.
15
“So I take a blanket and I
spend the night with my
children out in the cold
because he is hitting me too
much. I have to take the kids
to stop him hitting them too.
I would go out in the fields
and sleep there all night. I
have done that more than
ten times…”

Woman interviewed in Peru

16
 Common types of abusive behaviors

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Psychological abuse
• Use of economics
• Use of children to control an adult victim

17
 Examples of physical abuse

• Slapping
• Shaking
• Beating with fist or object
• Strangulation
• Burning
• Kicking
• Threats with knife or gun

18
 Examples of sexual abuse

• Coerced sex through threats or intimidation

• Coerced sex through physical force
• Forcing unwanted sexual acts
• Forcing sex in front of others
• Forcing sex with others

19
 Examples of psychological abuse

• Isolation from others

• Excessive jealousy
• Control her activities
• Verbal aggression
• Intimidation through destruction of property
• Harassment or stalking
• Threats of violence
• Constant belittling and humiliation

20
 Examples of economic abuse

• With-holding funds
• Spending family funds
• Making most financial decisions
• Not contributing financially to the family
• Controlling the victim’s access to health care,
employment, etc.

21
Examples of using children to control an adult
victim

• Physical and sexual abuse of children

• Hostage taking of children
• Custody battles
• Using children to monitor the adult victim

22
 How common is physical or sexual violence in
women’s lives? (WHO study)
Prevalence of physical or sexual violence against women by
anyone (partners and others), since age 15 years
100

80
percentage

60

40

20

23
 How common is partner violence?
● In most sites, 4 out of 5 women who have been
abused (by anybody: partners and others) reported
being abused by a partner.

● Between 15% (Japan) and 71% (Ethiopia) of ever-

partnered women experienced physical or sexual
violence by an intimate partner.

(WHO study, 2005)

24
 Pregnancy is not necessarily a
protected time
“He hit me in the belly
and made me miscarry
two babies - identical or
fraternal twins, I don’t
know. I went to the
hospital with heavy
bleeding and they
cleaned me up”

Woman interviewed in
Peru

25
Physical violence usually occurs together with
sexual and emotional violence

• Globally, one-third to one-half of all physically

abused women also report sexual violence

• Almost all physically abused women also

experience severe emotional abuse

26
Causes and Consequences of
Violence against Women

27
 Health Consequences of Abuse
• Fatal Outcomes
– homicide
– suicide
– maternal deaths
– Aids related deaths
• Non-fatal outcomes
– physical
– mental
– injurious health behaviors
– reproductive health
• For example:
– unwanted pregnancy
– chronic pain syndromes
– injury
– depression
– alcohol/drug use
– STDs/HIV
– Irritable bowel syndrome
– gynecological disorders
28
 Other consequences of violence

For women: For children:

• own health • low birthweight

• financial status • emotional well-being
• ability to work • behavioural difficulties
• ability to function • problems at school
• participate in society • injuries
• leave home

29
 Domestic violence is learned behavior:

• learned through observation

• learned through personal experience
• learned in culture
• learned in family
• learned in communities, schools, friends, etc.

30
 It may be aggravated,
but not caused by
• illness
• heredity
• alcohol and drugs
• lack of self-control
• economic problems
• anger/stress
• the victim’s behavior or problems in the
relationship

31
 Violence is learned behavior

Boys growing up in families where

father is violent are three times more
likely to become perpetrators of
partner violence in their adulthood
(study in Serbia 2003).

32
Violence against women is a product of gender
subordination

Four issues are consistently associated with societies

with high levels of domestic violence:
– norms of male entitlement/ownership of women
– male control of wealth in the family
– notions of masculinity tied to male dominance/honor
– male control of decision making

33
 Cultural differences in the meaning of
violence:
• In large parts of the developing world, wife beating is
seen as a form of “correction” or chastisement

• Beating is acceptable as long as it is for “just cause”

• Acceptability depends on who does what to whom,

for what reason

34
 Beating as discipline
• “I think that if the wife is
guilty, the husband has the
right to hit her…If I have
done something wrong…
nobody should defend me.
But if I haven’t done
something wrong, I have a
right to be defended.”
-- Indigenous woman, Mexico
• “If it is a great mistake,
then the husband is
justified in beating his
wife. Why not? A cow
will not be obedient
without beatings”
-- Rural man,
Tamil Nadu, India
35
 An ecological framework for
understanding violence

Society Community Relationship Individual

36
 Conclusion

• Domestic and especially partner violence

against women affects many women
around the world -- with grave
consequences for them and their children

37
UN VAW indicators

38
 Required indicator outputs (core set) 1 
1. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to physical violence in the
last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s)
and frequency
2. Total and age -specific rate of women subject to physical violence
during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s)
and frequency
3. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to sexual violence in the
last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s)
and frequency
4. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to sexual violence during
lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s) and
frequency

39
 Required indicator outputs (core set) 2 
5. Total and age-specific rate of ever-partnered women subject to sexual
and/or physical violence by current or former intimate partner in the last
12 months by frequency
6. Total and age-specific rate of ever-partnered women subject to sexual
and/or physical violence by current or former intimate partner during
lifetime by frequency
7. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to psychological violence
in the past 12 months by the intimate partner
8. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to economic violence in
the past 12 months by the intimate partner
9. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to female genital
mutilation

40
 Required classifications for the
indicators
• 1-4: severity (for physical violence)
• 1-4: relationship to perpetrator
• 1-6: frequency

Denominators
• 1-4: all women
• 5-8: ever partnered
41
 Group activity
• What can you measure with VAW surveys
that you cannot get from administrative
records?
• What are some of the risks of VAW surveys
and propose strategies on how to address
these.

42
Day 2

43
 UNECE VAW module.
Aims:
• To obtain reliable estimates for the main
indicators of violence against women
• To obtain an impression of the extent to
which violence is not reported to authorities

44
Criteria that were considered for the
VAW module
• Set of indicators should be
addressed (as a minimum)
• Building on instruments that have
been well tested and validated
across cultures
• Enabling comparative results (also
with surveys already done)

45
 Structure of VAW module
• Questions on demographic characteristics
of respondent (besides age in particular
partnership status and partnership history)
• Questions on partner violence:
psychological, economic, physical, sexual
• Questions on violence by others since age
15: physical and sexual

46
SECTION ON
VIOLENCE BY PARTNERS

47
 Intimate Partner violence:
2 sets of questions
• A) Questions for current or most recent partner
• B) Questions for any other previous partner

– Acts of controlling behaviour

– Acts of economic violence
– Acts of emotional abuse
– Acts of physical violence
– Acts of sexual violence
48
Measurement of controlling behaviour
by partner
• He tries to keep you from seeing your friends?
• He tries to restrict contact with your family of birth?
• He insists on knowing where you are at all times?
• He ignores you and treats you indifferently?
• He gets angry if you speak with another man?
• He is often suspicious that you are unfaithful?
• He expects you to ask his permission before seeking
health care for yourself?
 
49
 Measurement of economic
abuse by partner
• He refuses to give you enough money for
household expenses, even when he has money for
other things?
• [other questions if applicable]
 

50
Measurement of emotional violence
by partner
• Insulted you or made you feel bad about yourself?
• Belittled or humiliated you in front of other
people?
• Done things to scare or intimidate you on purpose
(e.g. by the way he looked at you, by yelling and
smashing things)?
• Verbally threatened to hurt you or someone you
care about?

51
Measurement of physical violence by partner

• Slapped or threw something at that could hurt you?

• Pushed or shoved you or pulled your hair?
o d er ate
M
• Hit with his fist or with anything else that could hurt
you?
• Kicked, dragged or beat you up?
• Choked or burnt you on purpose?
• Threatened with or actually used a gun, knife or
other weapon against you? er e
Sev
52
Measurement of sexual violenc
e by partner
Were you ever forced to have sexual
intercourse when you did not want to?
Did you ever have sexual intercourse you did
not want because you were afraid of what he
might do?
Ever force you to do something sexual that
you did not want or that you found degrading
or humiliating?

53
 Reference period
• For each of the acts of abuse or violence
(controlling behaviours, economical,
emotional, physical and sexual violence):
– past 12 months
– lifetime

54
 Frequency
• For acts of emotional, physical and sexual
violence, and for both past 12 months and
before past 12 months: Once, few, many times

In test module for events of physical and sexual

violence in the past 12 months:
• 1) daily, weekly, monthly, less than 1/month
• 2) estimated absolute count
55
 Severity
For physical partner violence and sexual partner
violence:
– nature of act
– Injuries as direct effect of any physical or sexual
violence (asking for specific injuries)
– Miscarriage as direct effect
– Self reported impact on physical or mental wellbeing
– Are you ever afraid of partner (never, sometimes,
many times, all the time)

56
 Type of partner relationship
• Partner violence questions are separately asked for
– current or most recent partner
– any previous partner(s)

• Type of relationship with partner (married, living

together, dating) is collected for the previous
partners who were violent for each set of
controlling behaviours, emotional, physical and
sexual violence

57
 Non reporting of violence
• One question at the end -- referring to any
type of partner violence reported:

“Who have you told about your (previous)

partner’s behaviour?” (pre-coded list)

58
Beware of gender bias in prevalence of domestic violence:
incidents and gender (British Crime Survey)
Women Men % against Ratio:
women Women:
men

Victims 657,000 356,000 65% 1.8

Average number 20 7 2.9

incidents per
victim

Total incidents 12.9 2.5 84% 5.2

million million

59
SECTION ON
VIOLENCE BY OTHERS THAN PARTNERS

60
 Measurement of physical violence by
others than partners
• Since the age of 15, has anyone ever hit, beaten, kicked
or done anything else to hurt you physically? Threw
something at you? Pushed you or pulled your hair?
Choked or burnt you on purpose? Threatened with or
actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you?

• PROBE:
– Anyone else?
– How about a relative? How about someone at school
or work? How about a friend or neighbour? A
stranger or anyone else?
61
 Perpetrators, reference period
and severity
• Pre-coded list of perpetrators (incl. Sex)
• For each of the perpetrators mentioned:
– How many times did this happen since you were 15
y: once, few, many
– How many times did this happen in the past 12
months: once, few, many
– For the each of (max 3) most serious perpetrators:
3 questions on injuries and timing of injuries

62
 1. Measurement of sexual violence
by others than partners – Rape
• Since the age of 15, has anyone ever forced you
into sexual intercourse when you did not want
to for example by threatening you, holding you
down or putting you in a situation that you
could not say no. Remember to include people
you have known as well as strangers. Please at
this point exclude attempts to force you.
• Who did this to you? (followed by probes)

63
 2. Measurement of other forms
of sexual violence by others
• Since the age of 15, has anyone attempted to
force you into a sexual act you did not want,
attempted to force you into sexual intercourse
(which did not take place), touched you
sexually, or did anything else sexually that you
did not want. Remember to include people you
have known as well as strangers.
• Who did this to you? (followed by probes)

64
 Perpetrators and reference period
sexual violence (both sets)
• Pre-coded list of perpetrators
– Includes sex of perpetrator
• For each of the perpetrators mentioned:
– How many times did this happen since you
were 15: once , few, many
– How many times did this happen in the past
12 months: once, few, many
• Severity: rape vs. other sexual abuse

65
 Questionnaire format principles
• Lower cast  should be read out
• CAPITALS  should NOT be read out
• Numerical response codes(1, 2, 3,...) : only one
response allowed
• Alphabetical response codes (A, B, C...): more than
one response is allowed
• Questions should be asked as written
• Always put a mark for a question asked
• Follow skip patterns exactly
66
Dedicated survey vs.
Module on VAW

67
Module vs dedicated survey

• To raise awareness about the problem Short

• To influence policy module
• To monitor trends
• To contribute to indicators at global level
• To compare between countries Special
• To understand more about violence, the survey
associations, risk and protective factors

68
 Challenges for module
• Suitability of vehicle survey
• Sample issues and representativeness
• Interviewers, (extra) special training
• Placement of module
• How to introduce/explain the module to
respondents
• Measure to protect safety for interviewers and
respondents
• Need to provide support and referrals
• Emotional support for interviewers
• Risk of higher levels of non-disclosure
69
 Example of dedicated survey:
Women’s Health and Life Experiences
WHO Questionnaire outline
• Section 1: Respondent and • Section 7: Respondent and
her community her partner
• Section 2: General Health • Section 8: Injuries
• Section 3: Reproductive • Section 9: Impact and
health coping
• Section 4: Children • Section 10: Other
• Section 5: Current or most experiences
recent partner • Section 11: Financial
• Section 6: Attitudes toward autonomy
gender roles • Section 12: Completion of
the interview
70
Discussion: Other modules

71
Ethical and safety measures

72
 Putting women’s safety first in violence
research
• 1. Safety of respondents and research team
• 2. Studies need to be methodologically sound
• 3. Confidentiality for safety and data quality
• 4. Selection and training of team members
• 5. Actions to reducing distress to respondents
• 6. Possibilities of referral, support mechanisms
• 7. Proper interpretation and use of study results
• 8. Violence questions in other surveys

73
1. Safety of respondents and research team
• Interviews only in a private setting, participant
should feel free to reschedule or relocate
• Frame the study not in terms of violence (but
further information should be give as part of
consent procedure)
• Only one woman per household
• Train interviewers to handle interruptions (e.g.
Dummy questions, rescheduling)
• Logistics and budget planning should consider
safety

74
2. Studies need to be methodologically sound

• Ethically it is unacceptable to conduct a poorly

designed study that cannot address the aims
• Practically too: too low estimates can be used to
question the importance of violence
• Avoid loaded terms as abuse, rape, violence
• Give attention to wording, length of interview,
multiple opportunities for disclosure, etc.
• When results unexpected, discuss findings with key
informants, community groups before dissemination

75
 3. Confidentiality for safety and data quality

• Address this in training of interviewers; no

interviewers working in their own community
• Confidentiality procedures, consent process
• Handling of names
• Presentation of findings: no one community
or individual can be identified
• Handling of photograph
• Handling of the press and publicity

76
Fieldwork
Brazil

77
 4. Selection and training of team members

• Sex, skill, attitude and training of interviewer

• Training should include introduction on
gender and violence
• Training as opportunity for research staff to
come to terms with own experiences
• Role of interviewers: Not counselling, not
trying to "save" respondents
• Addressing emotional needs of team
members
78
5. Actions to reducing distress to respondents

• Ask all questions in supportive and non-

judgemental manner
• Train interviewers to deal with distress
• Train when and how to terminate interview
(if woman does not want to continue or if
continuing would be detrimental)
• All interviews should end in a positive manner

79
• "Somehow it made me feel good, because
it was something that I had never told
anyone before. Now I’ve told someone".
• --Respondent, Brazil

80
6. Possibilities of referral, support mechanisms

• If possible meet prior to field work with

potential providers of support
• Develop information sheet and offer to all
respondents – either small enough to be
hidden or include a range of other services
• For-warn potential service providers
• Where few resources exist, consider having a
trained counsellor or women's advocate
accompany the teams
81
7. Proper interpretation and use of study results

• Research findings should be fed into ongoing

advocacy, policy-making and intervention
activities
• Involve advocacy and service groups etc from
the beginning as part of research team or
advisory committee. Also in use and advocacy
• Researchers need to be proactive in ensuring
that research findings are interpreted
appropriately by public and media

82
 8. Violence questions in other surveys

• Be aware of the challenges of ensuring data

quality and ensuring respondent safety
• It makes sense only of research team is willing
and able to address basic ethical and
methodological guidelines.

83
”We were so naïve. When we first added
questions on violence into our survey on
contraceptive use we did nothing special…it
never occurred to us that we would have
problems. Later we found out that three
women had been severely beaten for
participating in our survey. We felt awful
and realized then that we were in over our
heads..
(Researcher from Mexico)

84
 Minimum conditions for using
a short module
• Measures to protect safety of respondents and
interviewers
• Crisis intervention and referrals to specialized
services for respondents who need this
• Special training and emotional support and
follow-up for interviewers

85
86
Day 3

87
Selection and training of interviewers

88
 Topics
• Manuals and materials
• Selection and recruitment of fieldstaff
• Training of field staff including piloting
• Support for field staff and respondents
• Field supervision and monitoring
• Team dynamics
• Lessons learned

89
 Materials with UNECE VAW module
• Question by question explanation
• Training program for interviewers with training
facilitators manual and PPT
• Interviewer manual including ethical and safety
measures
• [Outline for feedback report and guides for
debriefing interviewers]
• Code book and analysis plan for the VAW indicators
• SPSS recodes and syntaxes

90
 Selection of interviewers
• Female interviewers and supervisors
• Good interviewers and supervisors are critical
to the success of the study
• Selection process very important - consider
criteria, base selection on attitudes,
motivation as well as competency
• Over - sample for interviewers
• Trust your gut feelings – if you think there
may be a problem with someone, get rid of
them
• Ask peers who would be good supervisors
91
 Goals of interviewer training
• To increase sensitivity of participants to
gender issues;
• To develop a basic understanding of gender-
based violence, its characteristics, causes and
impact on the health of women and children;
• To understand the goals of the study/module;
• To learn skills for interviewing, taking into
account safety and ethical guidelines;
• To become familiar with the questionnaire /
module (and protocol)

92
 Example of training schedule
Day 1
• Sensitization to concepts of
gender and violence
• Presentations from advocacy
groups/NGOs
• Exposure to support options
for women living with
violence
• Aim and overview of the study
questionnaire
• Interviewing techniques and
safety measures

93
Day 2
• Detailed question by
question explanation of questionnaire
• Role-plays on approaching the household and
using the complete questionnaire, practice
how to respond if interview interrupted or if
respondent becomes distressed and other
difficult situations

94
Day 3-5
• Sampling procedures,
including repeated visits to reduce non-response
• Pilot testing of questionnaire/module and all field
procedures, including logistics, safety measures,
supervisory procedures, debriefing and feedback
sessions
• Final adjustments to questionnaire and field
procedures
• Separate sessions for supervisors on supervisory
procedures
95
 Interviewer training
Use multiple training techniques:
• Group work, brainstorming, presentations,
discussion, role plays, games, energizers, film,
demonstration, involving others (‘victims’,
psychologists/councellers)

96
 Practical recommendations
Importance of good planning - pays off in the
end
Allow sufficient time for training of field
supervisors
Use pilot study (field practice) also practice
training for the field supervisors/editors and
data entry staff
Start with the easy area - often rural location
Start slow, need to have ongoing
training/briefings in particular in first weeks
97
Office support
Peru

98
Field work – immediately following
the training!

99
 Support for interviewers – give
them breaks / time off if needed
Peru

100
 Lessons learned
Training and fieldwork
• Ensure opportunities during training to interview
victims of violence
• Training and pilot essential phases for finalizing
questionnaire
• Imaginative strategies to reduce non-response
• Privacy is hard to ensure - share strategies
• Provide opportunities (e.g. phone number) for
respondents to check legitimacy of interview
• Issues around random selection eligible women

101
 Reducing non-response
• Importance of working with gate-keepers to
communities such as health workers
• Importance of getting to eligible women
(once started, most will finish)
• Will often need to hold interviews in
evening and weekends
• More than three return visits may be
needed, especially in urban sites

102
 Evidence of importance of training:
Special training vs professional interviewers
(dedicated survey, Serbia, 2003)
Inexperienced, Professional,
3 week training 1 day training
Response rate 93% 86%
Disclosure rate 26% 21%
Respondent
satisfaction – with 46% 29%
violence
Respondent
satisfaction – 46% 38%
without violence
“... I hardly could pull myself together not to cry. I
wanted to get out of the house as soon as
possible and cry out loud.... I hardly made it to
the car; as soon as I told my whole team they all
burst out in tears. The most painful thing for me
was not being able to do anything. At the end I
thought that this very research is about hope,
and I have done my part.” (interviewer)
104
“Maybe I was mediating by listening to her
for half an hour, and it was worth the
world when at the end she thanks me and
tells me she felt worthy.”
(interviewer)
105
 Research as social action
• For interviewers:
a life-changing experience,
with many going on working
on women issues

• For respondents:
their awareness was raised,
they were listened to, and
they were made to feel
worthy
106
Supervising and monitoring
interviewers

107
 Team composition & dynamics
• Be attentive to how construct teams - don’t
let people choose their teams
• Attention to team building
• Study will bring out the best & worst in
everyone
• Allow adequate time for de-briefing, giving
feedback, providing support
• Tension between quality and quantity
• Develop strategies to handle burn out, team
interpersonal problems.
• Importance of field diaries. 108
 Supervisor questionnaire
Short questionnaire:
• Used to see if interviewers doing their job
• Not to check violence prevalence

• Questions are not repeated from

questionnaire but deal with:
– What were the questions about?
– How did you feel about the interview?
– Were you treated well?
109
 Monitoring form
• Daily and weekly monitoring per team, per
cluster and per interviewer
• Per interviewer: monitor response rate and
disclosure rate

110
DATA PROCESSING

111
 Topics

• Code book
• Data analysis plan
• Dummy tables for report
• Data entry options
• Syntax files for calculating indicators

112
Code book

113
 Data entry options

• Suggestion: use CSPro – share among

countries using the same module
• If other program used, advisable to maintain
same database structure.

114
 Data entry

 Interactive error checking

 100 % double entry
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 Data entry - suggestions
• Training –start with people who know data
entry
• Include data enterers and manager in some of
training (questionnaire description)
• Additional training on data entry (using
questionnaires from pilot)
• Entry should be concurrent with collection:
need enough people and computers
– Allows opportunities for feedback from data entry
to field-workers
– Can send back questionnaires to field 116
 Discussion:
Data entry options

117
Analysis plan

118
 Frequ
Indicator Denominator Numerator Relationship Severity ency Comments
1 Total and age specific All women All women that Partners, Severe for partner Once, Need to include the
rate of women subjected that receive experienced relatives, violence: injuries few missing answers on
to physical violence in the the module, physical partner friends/ and/or miscarriage times, partner violence from
last 12 months by total and in 5 violence and/or non acquantance and/or acts c-f (else many those who were not
severity of violence, year age partner violence in s/ strangers/ moderate); Severe times partnered and recode
relationship to the groups the last 12 months others (to be for non-partner them as "no"
perpetrator and decided) violence: physical
frequency violence with injuries
2 Total and age specific All women All women that Partners, Severe for partner Once, Need to include the
rate of women subjected that receive experienced relatives, violence: injuries few missing answers on
to physical violence the module, physical partner friends/ and/or miscarriage times, partner violence from
during lifetime by severity total and in 5 violence and/or non acquantance and/or acts c-f (else many those who were not
of violence, relationship year age partner violence in s/ strangers/ moderate); times partnered and recode
to the perpetrator and groups their life (for non- others (to be Severe for non- them as "no"
frequency partners since age decided) partner violence:
15) physical violence
with injuries
3 Total and age specific All women All women that Partners, Severe for partner Once, Need to include the
rate of women subjected that receive experienced sexual relatives, violence: any forced few missing answers on
to sexual violence in the the module, partner violence friends/ sexual intercourse; times, partner violence from
last 12 months by total and in 5 and/or non partner acquantance for non-partner many those who were not
severity of violence, year age violence in the last s/ strangers/ violence: rape (else times partnered and recode
relationship to the groups 12 months others (to be moderate) them as "no"
perpetrator and decided)
frequency
4 Total and age specific All women All women that Partners, Severe for partner Once, Need to include the
rate of women subjected that receive experienced sexual relatives, violence: any forced few missing answers on
to sexual violence during the module, partner violence friends/ sexual intercourse; times, partner violence from
lifetime by severity of total and in 5 and/or non partner acquantance for non-partner many those who were not
violence, relationship to year age violence in their life s/ strangers/ violence: rape (else times partnered and recode
the perpetrator and groups (for non-partners others (to be moderate) them as "no"
frequency since age 15) decided)
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 Freque
Indicator Denominator Numerator RelationshipSeverity ncy Comments
5 Total and age specific All ever- All women that Current partners/
Severe for Once, To be explored for
rate of ever-partnered partnered women experienced former partners
non-partner few more detailed
women subjected to that receive the sexual and/or (can be broken
violence: times, counts of incidents
sexual and/or physical module, total and physical partner down in more physical many (collected in the test
violence by current of in 5 year age violence in the last detailed way)
violence with times module)
former intimate partner in groups 12 months injuries (note:
the last 12 months by not required for
frequency indicator 5)
6 Total and age specific All ever- All women that Current partners/ Severe for Once, Although not part of
rate of ever-partnered partnered women experienced former partners non-partner few the indicator: To be
women subjected to that receive the physical partner (can be broken violence: times, explored for partner
sexual and/or physical module, total and violence and/or down in more physical many violence: health
violence by current or in 5 year age non partner detailed way) violence with times impacts, continuous
former intimate partner groups violence in their injuries (note: living in fear as
during lifetime by life not required for aspects of severity
frequency indicator 6)
7 Total and age specific All ever- All women that Current partners/ Explore this
rate of women subjected partnered women experienced former partners indicator with and
to psychological violence
that receive the sexual and/or (can be broken without controlling
in the past 12 months bymodule, total and psychological down in more behaviours
the intimate partner in 5 year age partner violence in detailed way)
groups the last 12 months
8 Total and age specific All ever- All women that Current partners/ Consider testing
rate of women subjected partnered women experienced former partners other questions on
to economic violence in that receive the sexual and/or (can be broken economic violence
the past 12 months by module, total and economical down in more
the intimate partner in 5 year age partner violence in detailed way)
groups the last 12 months

120
Table shells (dummy tables)

121
 Recode and analysis syntaxes
*** prsevpa - severity based on acts (first 2 acts only = moderate)
 IF (prphys = 0) prsevpa =0 .
IF (V27aa = 1 | V27ab =1) prsevpa = 1 .
IF (V27ac = 1 | V27ad = 1 | V27ae = 1 | V27af = 1) prsevpa = 2 .
VARIABLE LABELS prsevpa 'severity phys violence by former partner (acts)'.
VALUE LABELS prsevpa 0 'no phys violence' 1 'moderate phys violence only' 2 'severe phys
violence' .
EXECUTE .
 
*** prsevpi - severity based on injuries (first 2 acts only = moderate)
 IF (prphys = 0) prsevpi =0 .
IF ( V40aa = 2 & V40ab = 2 & V40ac = 2 & V40ad = 2 ) prsevpi = 1 .
IF (V40aa = 1 | V40ab = 1 | V40ac = 1 | V40ad = 1) prsevpi = 2.
VARIABLE LABELS prsevpi 'severity phys violence by former partner (injuries)'.
VALUE LABELS prsevpi 0 'no phys violence' 1 'phys violence no injuries' 2 'phys violence and
injuries' .
EXECUTE .
 
122
 Example tables
• Indicator 2 – Georgia (pilot test data)
Summary table non-partner and partner violence
Any non-partner Any partner or Total
Age group Any partner perpetrator non-partner women
n (%) n (%) n (%) N
15-24 1 5.6 3 16.7 3 16.7 18
24-34 10 26.3 10 26.3 16 42.1 38
35-44 10 25.6 6 15.4 14 35.9 39
45-54 16 32.0 3 6.0 18 36.0 50
55-64 11 31.4 4 11.4 14 40.0 35
65+ 3 15.0 1 5.0 4 20.0 20
Total 51 25.5 27 13.5 69 34.5 200

123
Summary table for partner and non-partner violence (by sex) by relationship by severity
Total
Age group any partner any non-partner total any partner or non-partner women
moderate severe moderate severe moderate severe
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) N
15-24 1 5.6 1 5.6 2 11.1 1 5.6 2 11.1 18
24-34 3 7.9 7 18.4 6 15.8 4 10.5 5 13.2 11 28.9 38
35-44 4 10.3 6 15.4 3 7.7 3 7.7 6 15.4 8 20.5 39
45-54 4 8.0 12 24.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 6 12.0 12 24.0 50
55-64 4 11.4 7 20.0 4 11.4 3 8.6 11 31.4 35
65+ 3 15.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 3 15.0 20
Total 16 8.0 35 17.5 13 6.5 14 7.0 22 11.0 47 23.5 200

124
Summary table by relationship by frequency
Age group any partner any non-partner total any partner or non-partner Total
once few many once few many once few many women
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) N
15-24 1 5.6 1 5.6 2 11.1 2 11.1 1 5.6 18
24-34 1 2.6 4 10.5 5 13.2 3 7.9 6 15.8 1 2.6 2 5.3 8 21.1 6 15.8 38
35-44 2 5.1 4 10.3 4 10.3 4 10.3 1 2.6 1 2.6 5 12.8 4 10.3 5 12.8 39
45-54 9 18.0 7 14.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 9 18.0 8 16.0 50
55-64 1 2.9 8 22.9 2 5.7 3 8.6 1 2.9 3 8.6 9 25.7 2 5.7 35
65+ 2 10.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 20
Total 4 2.0 27 13.5 20 10.0 13 6.5 11 5.5 3 1.5 12 6.0 34 17.0 23 11.5 200

125
 Activity:
Planning the use of the module
• Module to other survey or stand-alone
• Type of vehicle survey/sources of funding
• How to integrate module in this survey: placement, etc
• Sampling strategy (for survey / module); sample size for module;
selection of eligible women
• Type and number of interviewers , supervisors
• Safety (incl. safe name) and support mechanisms
• Training plan and duration
• Data processing procedures
• Timeline for the activity
• Possible obstacles and strategies to overcome

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 REALIZE that this is different from
routine surveys
 Ethical issues, including safe name
 Training of interviewers: very important!!
 Psychological support for interviewers and
respondents
 It is an intervention in itself:
• Survey as a participatory activity
• Survey as transforming for interviewers and
researchers
• Survey as awareness building among respondents
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 Good luck!!

FOR MORE INFORMATION AND MATERIALS:

http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/
VAW/Measuring+violence+against+women

henriette.jansen@gmail.com
Photos: Henriette Jansen 128