Chapter 9 (GENETIC AND DNA TECHNOLOGY3)

Topic 6:
Genetics and DNA

Technology-(4)
1
What is biotechnology?
 Biotechnology is defined as the application of biological
systems or biological processes to manufacturing and
servicing industries.
(Biotechnology - the use of organisms and their genetics in
industry to make products)

 Role of biotechnology in life
 examples of products are:
 Food/drinks ; medical products (insulin medicine for people
with insulin-dependent diabetes); agriculture (genetically
engineered pest/herbicide resistance plants); transgenic
animals & plants; enzyme technology; chemicals ; fuel;
treatment waste
2
Genetics and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
 Genetic engineering is an important technique in
biotechnology
 Technology that involves manipulating the DNA

(genetic material) of one organism in order to
insert the DNA of another organism
 Method of creating new combinations of genes, as

a way to ‘improve ‘ microorganisms, plants and
animals
3
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
Genetic engineering forms recombinant DNA

technology.
•new combinations of genetic material are produced

by artificially copying a piece of DNA from one
organism (the donor) and joining (or recombining)
this copy with DNA in an another organism (the
host)
4
DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in
the nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used from 2 or more
different sources (such as the human cell
& the bacterial cell)
* Genome – the complete genetic make-up

of an organisms
5
Vector
 A common vector is plasmid.

 A bacterial plasmid from bacterial host cell,
serves as a carrier for the foreign gene.
 Vector – a piece of DNA that can be

manipulated such that foreign DNA can be
added to it
6
Plasmid – a small, circular piece
of DNA found in some bacteria
that can be used to carry DNA
from one organism to another
Restriction Enzymes – proteins
used to “cut” DNA in specific
places
7
Restriction enzymes
 scientists use restriction enzymes as tools
for isolating specific genes or regions of the
genome.
 restriction enzymes are used to cut the

plasmid (DNA) into specific size piece at a
certain spot.
8
 Restriction enzyme
(EcoRI )specifically
cuts DNA containing
the sequence GAATTC.
 The ends of the DNA

fragments, called sticky
ends, contain single-
stranded DNA that is
complementary.
9
DNA ligase
 An enzyme that functions in DNA

replication.
 Used to seal the foreign piece of DNA gene

into the plasmid (vector)
10
The cut out gene is inserted into the plasmid (gene
splicing)
Recombinant DNA – DNA produced by combining

DNA from different organisms
11
Recombinant DNA
The ability to combine
the DNA of one
organism with the DNA
of another organism.
Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970’s with
bacteria.
12
Recombinant DNA
•The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from

different sources is called recombinant DNA.
13
1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid).
2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction
enzymes”.
3. Cut the DNA from another organism
with “restriction enzymes”.
4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA
together with another enzyme and
insert them into bacteria.
5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria.
6. The foreign genes will be expressed in
the bacteria.
14
Recombinant DNA Technology
15
Gel electrophoresis
This technology allows scientists to identify

someone’s DNA.
An electric current is used to separate DNA

fragments according to the size of the
fragments onto a gel.
16
 The unique pattern created based
on the size of the DNA fragment
can be compared to known DNA
fragments for identification.
Gel electrophoresis
17
Steps involved in Gel Electrophoresis
1. “Cut” DNA sample with

restriction enzymes.
2. Run the DNA fragments
through a gel.
3. Bands will form in the gel.
4. Everyone’s DNA bands are
unique and can be used to
identify a person.
5. DNA bands are like “genetic
fingerprints”.
18
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
•PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of

DNA.
•PCR can be used to make millions of copies of a

specific region of a DNA fragment.
•Requires primer nucleotide to start the process of DNA

replication on the DNA strand.
•requires DNA polymerase to synthesize the new DNA strand.
19
 Heat the DNA so it “unzips”.
 Add the complementary
nitrogenous bases.
 Allow DNA to cool so the
complementary strands can “zi
p” together.
20
Polymerase Chain Reaction
21
Polymerase Chain Reaction (cont.)
DNA analysis
PCR can also be used to conduct DNA fingerprinting.
Fingerprinting can be used to identify viral infections or

susceptibility to certain cancers.
Fingerprinting can provide forensic data.
22
23
24
Transgenic organism
 Organisms that have been genetically

altered /engineered using the techniques of
genetic engineering (inserting a gene from
another organism), are referred to as
transgenic organisms.
25
Transgenic Organisms (cont.)
Transgenic bacteria are grown in bioreactors to

produce a variety of products.
Insulin
Human growth hormone
Vaccines
Industrial chemicals
Transgenic bacteria can also be used to degrade
pollutants, such as crude oil.
26
Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth

hormone.
Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
27
Transgenic plants have been engineered to produce:
Insect-resistant plants
Herbicide-resistant plants
Plants with increased yield
Plants that produce human hormones and antibodies
Genetically modified organisms also called GMOs
28
How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant
1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene.
2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells.
3. Desired gene is
inserted into plant
chromosomes.
29
Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals
in laboratories for biological research.
• Animals that produce pharmaceuticals
• Animals that produce milk containing

therapeutic or diagnostic proteins.
30
Transgenic animals
 Mice – used to study human immune system

 Chickens – more resistant to infections
 Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat
 Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins
in their milk
31
Transgenic Goat
.
This goat contains a
human gene that codes
Human for a blood clotting
DNA in a agent. The blood
Goat Cell clotting agent can be 32
Biotechnology can also be used to clone animals.

The DNA of a donor egg is replaced with the
DNA of an animal to be cloned.
The development of the egg is stimulated in vitro.
The developing egg is implanted in the uterus of
a surrogate mother.
The cloned animal is born naturally.
33
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/double-helix
34

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Topic 6:

Genetics and DNA

industry to make products)

 Technology that involves manipulating the DNA

 Method of creating new combinations of genes, as

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

Genetic engineering forms recombinant DNA

•new combinations of genetic material are produced

* Genome – the complete genetic make-up

 A common vector is plasmid.

 Vector – a piece of DNA that can be

 restriction enzymes are used to cut the

 The ends of the DNA

 An enzyme that functions in DNA

 Used to seal the foreign piece of DNA gene

Recombinant DNA – DNA produced by combining

•The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from

This technology allows scientists to identify

An electric current is used to separate DNA

1. “Cut” DNA sample with

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

•PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of

•PCR can be used to make millions of copies of a

•Requires primer nucleotide to start the process of DNA

•requires DNA polymerase to synthesize the new DNA strand.

Fingerprinting can be used to identify viral infections or

 Organisms that have been genetically

Transgenic bacteria are grown in bioreactors to

Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth

Genetically modified organisms also called GMOs

• Animals that produce pharmaceuticals

• Animals that produce milk containing

 Mice – used to study human immune system

Biotechnology can also be used to clone animals.

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