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Part 1 Basic Research 1and 2 AutosavedIndale Metu University
Part 1 Basic Research 1and 2 AutosavedIndale Metu University
Part 1 Basic Research 1and 2 AutosavedIndale Metu University
Good researchers understand the advantages and
disadvantages of each type, although most end up specializing in
one.
For classification of research we shall look from four dimensions
1. The purpose of doing research;
2. The intended uses of research;
3. How it treats time i.e. the time dimension in research; and
4. The research (data collection) techniques used in it.
1) Research Classification by The purpose of doing research;
A) Exploratory or Formulative
You may be exploring new topic or issue in order to learn about it. If the issue was new or the
researcher has written little on it, you began at
the beginning. This is called exploratory research.
1) Describe the situation in terms of its characteristics
2) Give a verbal or numerical picture (%) of the situation;
3) Present background information;
4) Create a set of categories or classify the information;
5) Clarify sequence, set of stages; and
6) Focus on `who,' `what,' `when,' `where,' and `how' but not why?
C) Explanatory Research
When we encounter an issue that is already known and
have a description of it, we might begin to wonder why
things are the way they are.
The desire to know "why," to explain, is the purpose of
explanatory research. It builds on exploratory and
descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons
for something that occurs. Explanatory research looks
for causes and reasons.
For example, a descriptive research may discover that
10 percent of the parents abuse their children, whereas
the explanatory researcher is more interested in learning
why parents abuse their children
Goals of Explanatory Research
1) Explain things not just reporting. Why? Elaborate and enric
h a theory's explanation.
2) Determine which of several explanations is best.
3) Determine the accuracy of the theory;
4) Test a theory's predictions or principle.
5) Advance knowledge about underlying process.
6) Build and elaborate a theory;
7) Elaborate and enrich a theory's predictions or principle.
8) Extend a theory or principle to new areas and new topics:
9) Provide evidence to support or refute
10) Test a theory's predictions or principles
2) Research classification by USE
A) Basic Research
Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about t
he human world.
It focuses on refuting or
supporting theories that explain how world operates
what makes things happen, why social
relations are a certain way, and why society changes.
Basic research is the source of most new scientific
ideas and ways of thinking about the world.
It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory;
however, explanatory research is the most common.
Basic research generates new ideas, principles and
theories, which may not be immediately utilized; though
are the foundations of modern progress and development
in different fields.
A new idea or fundamental knowledge is not generated
only by basic research. Applied research, too, can build
new knowledge. Nonetheless, basic research is essential
for nourishing the expansion of knowledge. Researchers at
the center of the scientific community conduct most of the
basic research
B) Applied Research
Applied researchers try to solve specific policy problems or help
practitioners accomplish tasks. Theory is less central to them than seeking
a solution on a specific problem for a limited setting.
Applied research is frequently a descriptive research, and its main strength
is its immediate practical use. Applied research is conducted when
decision must be made about a specific real-life problem.
Applied research encompasses those studies undertaken to answer
questions about specific problems or to make decisions about a particular
course of action or policy.
For example, an organization contemplating a paperless office and a
networking system for the company's personal computers may conduct
research to learn the amount of time its employees spend at personal
computers in an average week
Types of Applied Research
i) Action research
ii) Impact Assessment Research
iii) Evaluation Research
C. Basic and Applied Research Compared
The
procedures and techniques utilized by basic and applied
researchers do not differ substantially.
Both employ the scientific method to answer the questions at
hand.
The consumers of applied research findings are practitioners.
Often, someone other than the researcher who conducted the
study uses the results of applied research. This means that
applied researchers have an obligation to translate findings from
scientific technical language into the language of decision
makers or practitioners.
The results of applied research are less likely to enter the public
domain in publications. Results may be available only to a small
number of decision makers or practitioners, who decide whether
or how to put the research results into practice and who may or
may not use the results.
Applied and basic researchers adopt different orientations
toward research methodology.
Basic researchers emphasize high standards and try to
conduct near-perfect research.
Applied researcher make more trade-offs. They may
compromise scientific rigor to get quick, usable results.
Compromise is no excuse for sloppy research, however.
Applied researchers squeeze research into the constraints
of an applied setting and balance rigor against practical
needs.
Such balancing requires an in-depth knowledge of
research and an awareness of the consequences of
compromising standards
4) Research by Time Dimension:
1.Cross-Sectional Research
2.Time Series Research
3.Longitudinal Research
4.The panel study
5.A cohort analysis
5)Research (data collection) Techniques Used
Quantitative: - Experiments, Surveys,
and Content Analysis and Using Existing Statistics
Qualitative :- Field Research, Case Study and
Focus Group Discussion
Cross-Sectional data: - It is a collection of observations(behavior)
for multiple subjects(entities) at single point in time. Cross-
sectional data are data on one or more variables collected at the
same point in time e.g. Determinants of Banks profit in 2020.
CBE
DBE
CBB
…
ENAT
Time series data: - It is a collection of observations(behavior) for a
single subject(entity) at different time intervals (generally equally
spaced). A time series data is a set of observations on the values
collected at different times at discrete and equally spaced time
intervals e.g. Determinants of CBE’s profit over the period 1970 to
2019.
Section= 1, CBE and Time= many with a minimum of 30
observations
Year(t) Profit capital Loan
1970
…
…
2019
Longitudinal data: - It represents a marriage of regression and time
series analysis. As with many regression data sets, longitudinal data are
composed of a cross-section of subjects. Unlike regression data, with
longitudinal data we observe subjects over time. Unlike time series data,
with longitudinal data we observe many subjects. Observing a broad
cross-section of subjects over time allows us to study dynamic, as well as
cross-sectional, aspects of a problem. In research, panel and cohort
studies are both longitudinal studies.
Cohort studies: - The researcher makes repeated measurements on
a group of people, elements or characters which or who share the
same experiences. I tend to think that in cohort study, for example a
researcher carries out research on class 8 cohorts of 2014 then after
the cohort leaves, he or she continues carrying research with the
class 8 cohort of 2015. The researcher in this case is interested with
the class 8 cohort because probably he is doing a research on let's
say, "why do class 8 pupils perform poorly in mathematics"
The Unit of analysis is cohort (fixed)
Cohort Year Student (i) Score-math X1 X2
Bekele
Alem
Class 8 2015 Selam
Gebeyehu
Tarik
Abi
Panel studies: - data are collected from the same set of people at specific intervals over
a long period of time. The key feature in panel studies is that they collect repeated
measurements from the same sample at different points in time. A researcher might for
example follow a set of people from when they are in kindergarten to secondary then
university and so on. It is a set of observations on a single characteristic of multiple
observational units collected at different times. e.g. Determinants of Banks profit over
the period 1970-2020.
Section= many and Time= many / Total observation must be above 30/
It can be balanced or unbalanced with respect to time span.
• want to be precise
Quantitative
• know what you want to measure
A. Researchers-researchers
o As a student writer,
o The very research community you were entering by deciding to write a research
paper in the first place.
B. Researchers-society
Collect Data
Analyze Data
Interpret and
Report
2.1.Souces of Research Problem
A Research problem is a discrepancy
between what one knows and ought to
know to solve a problem. Sources are:
1. Experiences
2. Literatures
3. Theories
4. Reports
5. Technology
6. Inconsistence in past studies
2.2. Criteria of good research problem
1. Interests
2. Researchable
3. Feasible/practical
4. Significance
5. Economics
2.3. Formulating a Problem Statement in
the Research Process
1. Defining a problem
2. Showing the severity of the problem with data
3. Showing the extent of the problem with data
4. Showing the gap in the previous studies and your
value-added
Example: Child Labour Problem
Defining the Research Problem
Knowing what to research and its purpose is key to the first
step in the research design.
A good research topic is broad enough to allow you to find
plenty of material, but narrow enough to fit within the size
and time constraints of your paper.
• To do a research a topic or a felt practical or theoretical
difficulty must be identified.
The problem identification affects the quality, usefulness,
effectiveness and efficiency of the research activity.
Defining the problem, showing the severity of the
problem, showing the extent of the problem, and showing
the gaps
Defining the Research Problem
What does one mean when he/she wants to define
a research problem?
The answer may be that one wants to state the
problem along with the bounds within which it is
to be studied.
It involves the task of laying down boundaries
within which a researcher shall study the
problem.
How to define a research problem is undoubtedly
a herculean/exceptional task.
Defining the Research Problem
However, it is a task that must be tackled
intelligently to avoid the perplexity encountered in
a research operation.
Defining a research problem properly and clearly
is a crucial part of a research study and must in no
case be accomplished hurriedly.
However, in practice this is frequently overlooked,
which causes a lot of problems later on.
Hence, the research problem should be defined in
a systematic manner, giving due emphasis to all
relating points.
The research problem and objectives
The researcher must know exactly what his/her
problem is before he/she begins working on it.
A problem clearly defined is a problem half solved.
◦ Problem definition or problem statement is a clear
and precise statement of the question or issue to be
investigated.
Laying down the boundaries within which a
researcher shall study the problem.
Helps to narrow the perspectives of the problem to
a set of issues on which new information is
sought.
The research problem and objectives
Defining the problem clearly will help to find
answers to questions like:
◦ What data are to be collected?
◦ What characteristics of data are relevant and
need to be studied
◦ What relations are to be explored
◦ What techniques are to be used for the purpose
The research problem and
objectives
In the formal definition of the problem the
researcher is required
to describe the background of the study, its
theoretical basis and underlying assumptions in
concrete, specific and workable questions.
The problem statement should make a convincing
argument that there isn’t sufficient knowledge
available to explain the problem or
◦ there is, at least, a need to test what is known and
taken as fact.
The research problem and objectives
Some ways to show that you are adding to the knowledge in
your field:
Gap: A research gap is an area where no or little research
has been carried out.
The research problem is defined by asking a question to
which the answer is unknown, and which you will explore
in your research.
◦ Counter-claiming: A conflicting claim, theory or method is
put forward.
◦ Continuing a previously developed line of enquiry:
Building on work already done, but taking it further (by
using a new sample, extending the area studied, taking
more factors into consideration, taking fewer factors into
consideration, etc).
The research problem and objectives
The researcher should be focused, and should single out
and clearly state the problem.
S/He should ask whether the problem is:
Amenable to empirical investigation or evaluation
through collection and analysis of relevant data
Brief, clear and precise
Researchable in respect to appropriate sources of
data/information that can provide solutions to the
problem identified
Solvable
Fitting itself well to established theories or concepts
The research problem and objectives
In defining the statement of the problem, the following
questions could be helpful:
Who is affected and how?
What is missing and where?
What went wrong and to what extent?
What are the notable effects, where, extent for whom?
Is the problem self-expressive or does it generate other
problems?
What have others to say about it? Establishing the gap!
The research problem and
objectives
The problem is very important in the sense that it should
receive considerable and persuasive attention
Its importance is inevitably subjective and will vary from
researcher to researcher.
Objectivity can be injected by answering questions such
as:
Is the problem of current interest? Is it topical (up-to-
date)?
Is the problem likely to continue into the future?
Would the information about the problem have
practical application?
The research problem and objectives
Will the information about the problem have theoretical
importance?
How large is the population affected by the problem?
Would this study substantially revise or extend existing
knowledge?
Would this study create or improve an instrument of some
utility?
Would research findings lead to some useful change in
best practice?
Is there evidence or authoritative opinion from others to
support the need for this research?
The research problem and objectives
The problem statement could close with a question.
Typically, the question could contain two variables, a
measurable relationship, and some indication of
population.
A good example of research question:
"What is the relationship between farm productivity and
farmer use of fertilizer"?
The information needed is:
◦ Productivity levels
◦ Some measure of fertilizer use.
The research problem and
objectives
Hazardous noise is an important occupational health
problem because it leads to hearing loss and may lead to
increased stress and other deleterious physiological effects.
More than 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous
noise on the job…Use of hearing protection devices,
specifically ear plugs is known to reduce noise exposure
and prevent noise – induced hearing loss… there are,
however, relatively few investigators who have examined
factors related to the low use of hearing protection by
workers.
1. Specify relationship
2. Testable
3. Justifiable
4. Concise
2.2.2. Difficulties in formulating Hypothesis
The degree of challenges to the hypothesis depends on the type
of a problem and its importance. It can range from just seeking
a good enough solution to a much more rigorous challenges.
The terms challenging may include:
1. Verification
2. Justification
3. Refutability
4. Validity
5. Rectification
6. Repeatability
7. Falsification
2.2.3. Hypothesis Testing
There are four procedures:
1. Stating the hypothesis
2. Setting the criteria for a decision
3. Collecting data
4. Evaluate the H0
Problem: Type I (When Ho is wrongly rejected) and Type
II accept Ho wrongly when it is false in fact)
Decision
Reject Ho Accept Ho
Truth Ho Type I Right Decision
H1 Right Decision Type II
2.2.4. Criteria for Good Hypothesis
1. Identify Y and X variables
2. Specify the nature of relationship
3. Simple and concise, better to have several hypothesis
that one complicated hypothesis
4. Does not included reference to specific measure
5. Does not refer to specific statistical procedures that
will be used in analysis
6. Implies the population you are going to study
7. Is falsifiable and testable
Chapter Three: Related literature
review
3.1. Related literature review
3.1.1. Characteristics of Related Literature
3.1.2. Recording of Reading for Literature
3.1.3. Note taking: Reviewing the literature
3.1.3.1. Paraphrasing
3.1.3.2. Incorporating Direct Quotes
3.1.4. Proper Citation Style
3.2. Research Proposal
3.5.1. Importance of Research Proposal
3.5.2. Elements of a Research Proposal
3.1. Related literature review
Once the problem is formulated, the researcher should
undertake an extensive literature survey connected with the
problem.
Others have conducted research that is related to the
topic.
The purpose of the literature survey is to provide the
researcher with an understanding of the literature as
it relates to the current project.
The literature survey enables you to learn as much as
you can from the efforts of others.
Like most aspects of research it needs thoughts and
planning.
Literature Review
It “is a written summary of journal articles, books and
other documents that describes the past and current state
of information, organizes the literature into topics and
documents a need for a proposed study.”
Well-written analytical narrative that brings a reader up-
to-date on what is known on a given topic, but also
provide fresh insights that advance knowledge
Resolve conflicts between studies
Identify new ways to interpret research results
Creating a path for future research
Literature Review
Academic journals, conference proceedings,
dissertations, government reports, policy reports,
publications of international organizations, books, etc.
must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem.
◦ Usually one source leads to the next and the best place
for the survey is the library.
The main goal is:
◦ to familiarize yourself with the issue and prevent
duplication of what had already been done.
Literature Review
Severalarticles can be summarized in one mention
◦ E.G- There have been numerous studies attempting to
measure the return to education (see Becker (1963);
Mincer (1968); Angrist and Krueger (1988); Bound et al.
(1991)).”
Steps to Conduct a Literature Review
Step 1: Identify Key Terms or “Descriptors”
• Extract key words from your title (remember, you may
decide to change the title later)
• Use some of the words other authors reported in the
literature
• Scan both electronic and library journals from the past
10 years and look for key terms in the articles