Calculator Techniques

(Calc 101)
Engr. Hector Louis O. Banda, CIE
Changelogs for v1.1
• Added answers to problems 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 26.
• Added a note to the Steady-State Matrix
 COVERAGE
• BASIC FUNCTIONS (CALC AND SHIFT SOLVE)
• MODE FUNCTIONS
• EQUATION SOLVER (EQN)
• COMPLEX (CMPLX)
• STATISTICS (STAT)
• MATRIX
• SUMMATION
 SHIFT SOLVE
• APPLICATIONS
• FINDING THE VALUE OF A SINGLE VARIABLE
• FINDING THE ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION
WHETHER LINEAR OR NONLINEAR
• HOW TO USE
• ENTER THE EXPRESSION THEN PRESS SHIFT THEN PRESS
• NOTE
• CALCULATOR MUST BE IN COMP MODE (PRESS MODE -> 1)
 EXAMPLE
1.) FIND THE VALUE OF X IN THIS EXPRESSION:
3x + 4 = 7
 SOLUTION FOR #1
• MANUAL • CALCULATOR
3x + 4 = 7
Steps: Steps:
1. Transpose 4 to the right side 1. Input the function in your
3x = 7 – 4 = 3 calculator (To input the variable,
press “ALPHA” then press the
2. Divide both sides of the equation variable of your choice)
by 3 to isolate the variable
2. Press “SHIFT” then
1/3 * (3x) = (3) * 1/3
x=1
x=1
 EXAMPLE
2.) FIND THE ROOTS OF THE 3rd DEGREE POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION:
(x3 + 4x2 - 5x – 14)
 SOLUTION FOR #2
• MANUAL • CALCULATOR
(x3 + 4x2 - 5x - 14)
Steps: Steps:
1.) 1 4 -5 -14 2 1. Input the function in your
2 12 14 calculator (To input the variable,
press “ALPHA” then press the
1 6 7 0 variable of your choice)
2. Press “SHIFT+Solve”
x = {2, -3+, -3-}
 EXAMPLE
3.) FIND THE ROOTS OF THE FOLLOWING EXPONENTIAL/LOGARITHMIC
EXPRESSION:
x x
e  3e  2  0
 SOLUTION FOR #3
MANUAL Calculator
e x  3e  x  2  0 • Do the same with the
e 2 x  3  2e x  0 “ShiftSolve” procedure
(e x  3)(e x  1)  0 • In order to type “e”,
ex  3 e x  1 press “ALPHA”
x
ln(e )  ln(3) (reject ) • Or you may use
x  ln(3)  1.097 “SHIFT”
 CALC FUNCTION
• APPLICATIONS
• WHEN USING THE SAME EQUATION BUT WITH DIFFERENT
VALUES OF THE INPUT VARIABLES (i.e. Exponential Smoothing)
• HOW TO USE
• ENTER THE EXPRESSION THEN PRESS
• NOTE
• CALCULATOR MUST BE IN COMP MODE
 EXAMPLE
4.) The company has accumulated the demand data in the table below
for its computers for the past twelve months, from which it wants to
consider exponential smoothing forecasts with a smoothing constant
equal to 0.30. Calculate the forecast on next January (13th period).
 SOLUTION FOR #4
MANUAL
Remembering the formula for exponential smoothing:
)
and by continuous use of the formula we get the following data:
 SOLUTION FOR #4
CALCULATOR
Steps:
1. To have a forecast for the month of February we use the “Naive
method” thus February will have a forecast of 37.
2. Use the formula for exponential smoothing to get a forecast for
March: ) = 37.9
3. Next modify the formula above in the following manner:
)
4. Press
5. The calculator will be needing a value for “X”. The value of “X”
should be the actual demand in the current month.
 PROBLEM
• Determine the forecast for period 7 using exponential smoothing with
a smoothing constant of 0.4.
Demand for period 7 is
Period Demand
1 60
2 65
3 55
4 58
5 64
6 62
 CALC 101 (MODE FUNCTIONS)
• MODE FUNCTIONS
• EQUATION SOLVER (EQN)
• COMPLEX (CMPLX)
• STATISTICS (STAT)
• MATRIX
 EQN SOLVER
• APPLICATIONS
• 2 EQUATIONS, 2 UNKNOWNS
• 3 EQUATIONS, 3 UNKNOWNS
• FINDING THE ROOTS OF A 2nd DEGREE EQUATION (QUADRATIC FORMULA)
• FINDING THE ROOTS OF A 3rd DEGREE EQUATION
• HOW TO USE
• PRESS “MODE”-> ->
 EXAMPLE
5. Find the roots of the following systems of linear equations
 SOLUTION FOR #5
MANUAL CALCULATOR
2 Press “MODE”
- Choose “5:EQN”
; 4/5 Choose “1”
Input the values
Press “=“
 EXAMPLE
6. Find the roots of the following systems of linear equations
4x  2 y 1  0
3 y  3x  8 z  2  0
3 y  3z  3  0
X  31 / 38
Y  43 / 38
Z  5 / 38
 COMPLEX MODE (CMPLX)
• APPLICATIONS
• MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• FINDING THE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF RESULTANT
• HOW TO USE
• PRESS “MODE”, THEN PRESS “2”
 EXAMPLE
7. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of these
forces: Y
F1=8 kN

F2=10 kN
25o 45o
X
5
12

F3=14 kN
 845  10(180  25)
 14(270  67.83)
SOLUTION FOR #7
CALCULATOR Y

( )
F1=8 kN
12
∑ 𝐹 𝑋 =8 cos ( 45 ) −10 cos ( 25 ) +14 cos tan 5 −1
F2=10 kN

∑ 𝐹 𝑋 ≈1.98𝑘𝑁 25o 45o

X
5

∑ 𝐹 𝑌 =8 sin ( 45 )+10 sin ( 25 ) −14 sin tan

12
5 ( −1
) 12

∑ 𝐹 𝑌 ≈−3.04𝑘𝑁 F3=14 kN

𝜃 =tan −1
( ∑ 𝐹𝑌
∑𝐹𝑋 )
= tan −1 (
−3.04
1.98
¿ ) ≈ −56.93 𝑜 𝑜𝑟 56.93 𝑜 𝑆 𝑜 𝐸 ¿
MANUA
TE THAT THE 0o STARTS FROM THE
HT AND ROTATES COUNTER CLOCKWISE
𝑅=
 EXAMPLE
8. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of these
forces: F =25 kN Y
R = 29.13 kN
3
F2=20 kN

65o
Θ = 71.13o N of E
45o
X
F1=28 kN
5
12
F4=24 kN
 STATISTICS (STAT)
• APPLICATIONS
• REGRESSION
• ARITHMETIC/GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES
• COMPUTATION OF STATISTIC (MEAN AND STD. DEV OF 1 OR 2 GRO
UPS)
• NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CALCULATIONS
• LEARNING CURVES
• ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (1-WAY, BLOCK DESIGN, 2-WAY, 3-WAY)
• DEPRECIATION
• HOW TO USE
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3”
 STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS

–Exponential
AB1 Quadratic
Exponential
VariableRegression Simple
Logarithmic
PowerLinear
Inverse Regression
Regression
Regression Regression
Regression
 EXAMPLE
9. (Arithmetic Progression/Sequence)
The 6th term of an arithmetic progression is 12 and the 30th term is 180.
Find the following:
a.) Common difference
b.) The 1st term
c.) Sum of the first 60 terms
d.) The term that has a value of 250
e.) The sum between the 12th & 37th term
Press “Mode” then “3” then “2” and input the ff: c. Sum o
a. Common Difference:SOLUTION FOR #9 Press “A
Press “AC” then “Shift” then “1” Now inp
Choose “Reg” then Choose “2: B” X Y Your scr
6 12 (the syn
b. The 1st term: 30 180
Press “AC” then Press “1” then “Shift” then “1”
d. The
Choose “Reg” then Choose “5: ŷ”
Simila
Your screen should now display 1ŷ (this means “What is the value of y,
given the value of x is 1) then press “=“ Answ

e. The sum between the 12th & 37th term

Similar to question c, but the starting value is 12 and ending is 37
 EXAMPLE For this ex
is that you
Press “MO
10. (Geometric Progression/Sequence)
Choose “3
The value first four term of a certain sequence are 2, 6, 18, 54.
Choose “6
a.) Find the 12th term
b.) What term has a value of 9,565,938
c.) Find the sum of the first 10 terms

Answers:
a. 354294 b. 15th term c. 59048
 EXAMPLE
11.) Regression
Given the data below, answer the following questions:
X 12 9 11 10 13 8 9 11 12
Y 51 48 52 50 55 45 47 50 53

a.) Calculate the least squares estimate of the model? What is the
equation?
b.) What is the value of the dependent variable given that the value of
the independent is 15?
c.) What is the coefficient of correlation? Coefficient of determination?
riable given that the value of
SOLUTION FOR #11
MANUAL
el.
a. Least-squares estimate and equation
Coefficient of determination?

 X  Y 
  X  X Y  Y   XY  nXY  XY  n
b  
 X  X 
2
 X n X
2 2
X
1 2

X 
2

n
e intercept
 Y  X
e b  Y b X  n b n
0 1 1

S ( xy )
 PROBLEM
• Healthy Hamburgers has a chain of 12 stores in northern Illinois. Sales
figures and profits for the stores are given in the following table.
Obtain a regression line for the data, and predict profit for a store
assuming sales of $10 million. Unit Sales, (in Profits, (in $
$ millions) millions)
$7 $0.15
2 0.1
6 0.13
4 0.15
14 0.25
15 0.27
16 0.24
12 0.2
14 0.27
20 0.44
15 0.34
7 0.17
 MEAN & STD. DEV
• FOR SINGLE (1) VARIABLE: PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “1”
• FOR TWO (2) VARIABLES: PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “2”
 EXAMPLE
12. A marketer has conducted a survey for the average monthly income
of 9 families of 2 different classes. Determine the mean and standard
deviation of the 2 classes.
Group 1 46 25 28 38 37 40 41 41 49
Group 2 48 46 37 42 41 42 35 28 32
 SOLUTION FOR #12
CALCULATOR
MANUAL PRESS “MODE” THEN ‘3” THEN “2” THEN INPU
TABLE DISPLAYED (NOTE: BE CONSISTENT WIT
X
 X i THEN PRESS “SHIFT” THEN “1” THEN “VAR” TH
n (NOTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN , is populati

s 2

  X i X
2 sample std. dev.)

n 1 Answers:
=38.33 =39
=7.713 =6.54
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
CALCULATIONS
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “1” (NOTE THAT THIS FUNCTION ONLY
WORKS IN THE “1-VAR” MODE)
 EXAMPLE
13. The diameter of a shaft in an optical storage drive is normally
distributed with mean 0.2500 inch and standard deviation 0.0005 inch.
The specifications on the shaft are 0.2500 ± 0.0015 inch. What
proportion of shafts conforms to specifications? What proportions
exceed the upper specification? What proportions exceed the lower
specification?
 CALCULATOR
SOLUTION FOR #13 PRESS “MODE
THEN “DISTR”
MANUAL

𝑃 ( 𝑋 < 0.248

NOTE: IN ORDER TO USE THIS FUNCTION, WE MUST KNOW THE “Z” VALUE BEFOREHAND
 SOLUTION FOR #13
• To know the probability of not
conforming:
meeting the lower specification:
INPUT THE FF: 2xQ(3)
P(-3)
• To know the probability of exceeding the upper specification:
INPUT THE FF: R(3)
 EXAMPLE
14. A teacher has 40 students enrolled in her statistics class. The table
below displays the scores of those students in their first quiz. What is
the probability that in a 50 points quiz, a student would get a score
greater than 40?
SCORE 35 46 25 28 38 37 40 44 41 49
FREQ 15 2 9 1 2 1 1 3 4 2
 CAUTION: THE
SOLUTION FOR #14 data come fro
population std
MANUAL
SOLVE FOR THE MEAN AND STD. DEV
THEN USE THE FORMULA
THEN LOCATE THE Z-VALUE IN NORMAL DIST. TABLE

CALCULATOR
TO TURN ON FREQUENCY PRESS “SHIFT” THEN “MODE” THEN “DOWN”
THEN “STAT” THEN “ON” THEN “AC” An
PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “1” THEN INPUT THE VALUES THEN
“AC” 0.
 PROBLEM
• The pull-off force for 40 connectors is measured in a laboratory test.
Data for the 40 test specimens follow:
241, 203, 201, 251, 236, 190, 258, 195, 195, 238, 245, 175
237, 249, 255, 210, 209, 178, 210, 220, 245, 198, 212, 175
194, 194, 235, 199, 185, 190, 225 245, 220, 183, 187,
248, 209, 249, 213, 218
What is the probability that a connector would have a pull-off force
between 211 and 220?
𝑷 ( 𝟐𝟏𝟏< 𝑿 <𝟐𝟐𝟎 )=𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓
 LEARNING CURVES
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “7”
 EXAMPLE
• 15. An aircraft company has an order to refurbish the interiors of 18
jet aircraft. The work has a learning curve percentage of 80. On the
basis of experience with similar jobs, the industrial engineering
department estimates that the first plane will require 300 hours to
refurbish. Estimate the amount of time needed to complete:
a. The fifth plane.
b. The first five planes.
c. All 18 planes.
 SOLUTION FOR #15
PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “7”
THEN INPUT X Y (WE GOT 240 FROM THE KNOWLEDGE
1 300 THAT WHEN THE OUTPUT DOUBLES THE
TIME IS MULTIPLIED BY THE LEARNING
2 240 PERCENTAGE)
a.) INPUT “5ŷ” a. 178.69hrs
b.) INPUT b.b. 1121.32hrs
c.) INPUT c. c. 2914.85hrs
 PROBLEM
• A contractor intends to bid on a job installing 30 airport security
systems. Because this will be a new line of work for the contractor, he
believes there will be a learning effect for the job. After reviewing
time records from a similar type of activity, the contractor is
convinced that an 85 percent curve is appropriate. He estimates that
the first job will take his crew eight days to install. How many days
should the contractor budget for:
a. The first 10 installations? 56.92 DAYS
b. The second 10 installations? 42.28 DAYS
c. The final 10 installations? 37.50 DAYS
 PROBLEM
• An analyst has estimated that there will be an 84 percent learning
curve for an assembly operation. The first assembly takes 48 min, and
the standard time is set at 25 min. How long will it take the operator
to reach the standard time?
TOTAL TIME = 435.44 mins
 ANOVA
• TYPES OF ANOVA
• 1-WAY (ONE FACTOR)
• RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (TWO FACTORS BUT ONE IS
DISREGARDED)
• 2-WAY WITH REPLICATION
• 2-WAY WITHOUT REPLICATION
• 3-WAY
 EXAMPLE
• 16. (1-WAY) The tensile strength of Portland cement is being studied.
Four different mixing techniques can be used economically. A
completely randomized experiment was conducted and the following
data were collected:
Mixing Tensile Strength (lb/in2)
Technique
1 3129 3000 2865 2890
2 3200 3300 2975 3150
3 2800 2900 2985 3050
4 2600 2700 2600 2765
• Complete the ANOVA table
 ME
•LA
N
SOLUTION FOR #16 G
S
THE 1-WAY ANOVA TABLE •N
Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square F-Comp F-Crit
“
TREATMENT SSTr a–1 MSTR=SSTR/(a-1) =MSTR/MSE
I
ERROR SSE N–a MSE=SSE/(N-a) •F
TOTAL SST N–1
F
• TO USE THE SHORTCUT WE MUST FIRST DO THIS: •F
O
• COMPUTE THE MEAN FOR EACH TREATMENT N
• COMPUTE THE GRAND MEAN
•MT
•W
Source of SS df MS F-Comp F-Crit “
Variation
•F
T
Treatment 489740.2 3 163246.7 12.72811 3.490295 •P
 PROBLEM
• An engineer would like to test the effect of 4 brands of gasoline on
the mileage of a car. The data are as follows:
OBSERVATION
BRAND
1 2 3 4
A 21 24 23 24
B 19 21 20 22
C 20 24 23 24
D 22 26 23 21

Source of
Complete the ANOVA Table. Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Treatment 17.6875 3 5.895833 1.979021 0.170983 3.4902

Error 35.75 12 2.979167
 EXAMPLE
• 17. (RCBD or Blocked Design) A chemist wishes to test the effect of
four chemical agents on the strength of a particular type of cloth.
Because there might be variability from one bolt to another, the
chemist decides to use a randomized block design, with the bolts of
cloth considered as blocks. She selects five bolts and applies all four
chemicals in random order to each bolt. The resulting tensile
strengths follow. Bolt
Chemical
1 2 3 4 5
1 73 68 74 71 67
2 73 67 75 72 70
3 75 68 78 73 68
4 73 71 75 75 69

Complete the ANOVA Table

 SOLUTION FOR #17
THE RCBD ANOVA TABLE
Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square F-Comp F-Crit
TREATMENT SSTr a–1 MSTR=SSTR/(a - 1) =MSTR/MSE
BLOCKS SSB b–1 MSB=SSB/(b – 1)
ERROR SSE (a – 1)*(b – 1)
TOTAL SST N–1

• SAME PROCEDURE AS BEFORE: WE GET THE MEANS PER TREATMENT

AND THE GRAND MEAN BUT THIS TIME WE ALSO GET THE MEANS
PER BLOCK
• COMPUTATION FOR SSB IS SIMILAR TO SSTr, THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS
THE USE OF THE MEANS PER BLOCK IN THE X-COLUMN
 EXAMPLE
18. (2-WAY W/O REPLICATION) The shear strength of an adhesive is
thought to be affected by the application pressure and temperature. A
factorial experiment is performed in which both factors are assumed to be
fixed.
Temperature (°F)
Pressure
(lb/in2) 250 260 270
120 9.6 11.28 9
130 9.69 10.1 9.57
140 8.43 11.01 9.03
150 9.98 10.44 9.8
Complete the ANOVA table
 SOLUTION FOR #18
ANOVA
Source of THE 2-WAY ANOVA TABLE W/O REPLICATION
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square F-Comp F-Crit
A
Rows SSA
0.580692 3 a0.193564
–1 MSA=SSA/(a - 1)0.672704
0.539204 =MSA/MSE
4.757063
B SSB b–1 MSB=SSB/(b – 1) =MSB/MSE
Columns
ERROR 4.65765
SSE 2 2.328825
(a – 1)*(b – 1) 6.487329 0.031618 5.143253
TOTAL SST N–1
Error 2.153883 6 0.358981
THE
TotalCOMPLETION
7.392225 OF THE
11ANOVA TABLE
  IS SIMILAR
  TO THE  RCBD  
ANOVA TABLE
 PROBLEM
• Seeds of 4 different types of corn are planted in 5 blocks. Each block is
divided into 4 plots, which are then randomly assigned to the 4 types.
The yields (in bushels per acre) are as follows:
TYPES OF CORN
I II III IV
A 12 15 10 14
B 15 19 12 11
Blocks C 14 18 15 12
D 11 16 12 16
E 16 17 11 14

Complete the ANOVA table

 EXAMPLE
• 19. (2-WAY WITH REPLICATION) An article in Industrial Quality Control
describes an experiment to investigate the effect of two factors (glass
type and phosphor type) on the brightness of a television tube. The
response variable measured is the current (in microamps) necessary
to obtain a specified brightness level. The data are shown in the
following table. Complete the ANOVA table.
Phosphor Type
Glass Type
1 2 3
280 300 290
1 290 310 285
285 295 290
230 260 220
2 235 240 225
240 235 230
 SOLUTION FOR #19
THE 2-WAY ANOVA TABLE WITH REPLICATION
Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square F-Comp F-Crit
A SSA a–1 MSA=SSA/(a - 1) =MSA/MSE
B SSB b–1 MSB=SSB/(b – 1) =MSB/MSE
INTERACTION SSAB (a – 1)*(b – 1) =MSAB/MSE
ERROR SSE ab(n – 1)
TOTAL SST abn – 1

THE COMPUTATIONS FOR SSA, SSB, SSE, AND SST ARE THE SAME AS
BEFORE.
THE COMPUTATION FOR SSAB IS AS FOLLOWS:
 EXAMPLE
• 20. (3-WAY ANOVA) A mechanical engineer is studying the surface
roughness of a part produced in a metal-cutting operation. Three
factors, feed rate (A), depth of cut (B), and tool angle (C), are of
interest. All three factors have been assigned two levels, and two
replicates of a factorial design are run. Data are shown in the table
below.
 SOLUTION FOR #20
THE 3-WAY ANOVA TABLE
• COMPUTATIONS FOR SSA, SSB, AND SSC ARE THE SAME AS WITH 2-WAY
ANOVA
• COMPUTATIONS FOR SSAB, SSAC, AND SSBC ARE THE SAME AS WITH 2-WAY
ANOVA (i.e. SSBC = )
• COMPUTATIONS FOR SSABC IS
 DEPRECIATION
• DEPRECIATION METHODS
• STRAIGHT LINE
• DECLINING BALANCE
• DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE
• SUM OF YEARS
• SINKING FUND
 ANNUAL TOTAL
DEPRECIATION ON THE BOOK VALUE AT
METHOD MODE DATA ENTRY
DEPRECIATION
DEPRECIATION
() Mth YEAR
DEPRECIATION
AFTER Mth YEAR Mth YEAR

STRAIGHT LINE 3-2 X Y B B

0 FC
DECLINING
BALANCE n SV

X Y
DOUBLE
3-6
Mŷ
0 FC

(M-1)ŷ-Mŷ FC-Mŷ
-
DECLINING
BALANCE
1

X Y
0 FC
SUM OF YEARS 3-3 n SV
n+1 SV

SINKING FUND
- - BV(M-1) - BVM FC-BVM FC-
 EXAMPLE
• 21. If an asset has a first cost of $50,000 with a $10,000 estimated
salvage value after 5 years, (a) calculate the annual depreciation and
(b) calculate the book value of the asset after the 3rd year, using
straight line depreciation.
 SOLUTION FOR #21
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “2” THEN INPUT THE VALUES THEN “AC”
X Y
0 50,000
5 10,000
• To compute annual depreciation: PRESS “SHIFT” THEN “1” THEN CHOOSE
“5:REG” THEN CHOOSE “2:B”
• To compute for the book value after the 3rd year: INPUT “4ŷ”
 EXAMPLE
• 22. Underwater electroacoustic transducers were purchased for use in
SONAR applications. The equipment will be DDB depreciated over an
expected life of 12 years. There is a first cost of $25,000 and an
estimated salvage of $2500. (a) Calculate the depreciation and book
value for years 1 and 4. (b) Calculate the implied salvage value after
12 years.
 SOLUTION FOR #22
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “6” THEN INPUT THE VALUES THEN “AC”
X Y
0 25,000
5

• To compute depreciation for Mth year: INPUT “(M-1)ŷ-Mŷ”

• To compute for the book value for Mth year : INPUT “Mŷ”
• To compute for salvage value after 12 years: INPUT “12ŷ”
 EXAMPLE
• 23. Calculate the SYD depreciation charges for year 2 for electro-
optics equipment with FC=$25,000, SV=$4000, and an 8-year recovery
period.
 SOLUTION FOR #23
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “3” THEN “3” THEN INPUT THE VALUES THEN
“AC”
X Y
0 25,000
8
9 4000

• To compute depreciation for year 2: INPUT “(2-1)ŷ-2ŷ”

 PROBLEM
• An asset for drilling was purchased ad placed in service by a
petroleum production company. Its cost basis is $60,000, and it has an
estimated market value of $12,000 at the end of an estimated useful
like of 14 years. Compute the depreciation amount in the third year
and the book value at the end of the fifth year of life by each of these
methods. (a) Straight Line (b) Declining Balance (c) Double Declining
Balance (d) Sum of Year (e) Sinking Fund ()
(a) D3= $3,428.57 and BV6=$39,428.57
(b) D3=$5,177.50 and BV6=$30,101.81
(c) D3=$6,297.38 and BV6=$23,794.17
 MATRIX
• APPLICATIONS
• MATRIX ALGEBRA
• OBTAINING THE DETERMINANT OF MATRICES OF SIZES UPTO 4x4
• STEADY-STATE PROBABILITIES (MARKOV CHAINS)
• HOW TO USE
• PRESS “MODE’’ THEN “6”
 EXAMPLE
• 24. Determine the determinant of the ff. 3x3 matrix:
 SOLUTION FOR #24
• PRESS “MODE” THEN “6” THEN CHOOSE ANY MATRIX AND INPUT THE
VALUES
• PRESS “AC” THEN “SHIFT” THEN “4” THEN CHOOSE “7:det”
• PRESS “SHIFT” THEN “4” THEN CHOOSE THE MATRIX YOU HAVE
STORED THE DATA THEN “=“
 EXAMPLE
• 25. Determine the determinant of the 4x4 matrix.

1 1 1 1
1 2  1 2 
A 
0  1 2 0
 
1 3 3  3
 SOLUTION FOR #25
1 1 1 1  • Choose any number from the matrix (we call
1 2  1 2  it pivot, choose “1” for convenience) (For this
  example, our pivot will be the one encircled)
A
0  1 2 0  • Let:
  Blue = MatC (1x3 matrix)
1 3 3  3 Green = MatB (3x1 matrix)
Violet = MatA (3x3 matrix)
• Type the following: “det(MatA – MatB*MatC)”
 PROBLEM
• What is the determinant of the following 4x4 matrix?

  2 1 1  1
1 2  1 2 
A 
 0 1 2 0
 
2 3 3  3

Det = -72
 EXAMPLE
• 26. (Steady-State Probabilities) Suppose that a farmland has three
states (1) good, (2) fair, and (3) poor. In the long run, what are the
probabilities that the land will be in each of the three states?
1 2 3

( )
1 . 3 .6 .1
2 .1 .6 .3
3 .05 .4 .55
 SOLUTION FOR #26
• INPUT THE DATA IN A MATRIX
• THEN PRESS “SHIFT” THEN “4” THEN CHOOSE THE MATRIX THAT HAS
THE DATA THEN PRESS “x2” 5 times
• Your display should read “MatA22222” THEN PRESS “=“
• Note: The “press x2 5 times is subjective”, the logic is that you just press “2”
just enough so that per column, all the entries are equal.

( )
. 1016 .5254 .3728
. 1016 .5254 .3728
. 1016 .5254 .3728
 SUMMATION
• APPLICATIONS
• TIME VALUE OF MONEY
• DISCRETE PROBABILTY DISTRIBUTIONS
• QUEUING THEORY
 TIME VALUE OF MONEY
• PRESENT VALUE
• FUTURE VALUE
• ANNUITY
• UNIFORM GRADIENT
• GEOMETRIC GRADIENT
 TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Formulas:
• Annuity:  (1  i ) n  1  (1  i ) n  1
P  A n 
F  A 
 i (1  i )   i 
• Uniform Gradient: 1  (1  i ) n  1 n 
P  G  n
 n 
 i  i (1  i ) (1  i )  
• Geometric Gradient:
 
 A 1  (1  i )  n (1  r ) n
; ri

ir
P

 A(n)(1  i ) 1 ; r  i
 TIME VALUE OF MONEY

Formulas for Calculator:

“x=1” if the
• Annuity: n n Fixed
first payment
P   (( A)(1  i )  x ) F   (( A)(1  i ) ( n  x ) ) was made on
x 1 x 1
first period
• Uniform Gradient:
n n
P   (( A  G ( X  1))(1  i )  x ) F   (( A  G ( X  1))(1  i ) ( n  x ) )
x 1 x 1
• Geometric Gradient:
n n
P   ( A(1  r ) x 1 x
(1  i ) ) F   ( A(1  r ) x 1 (1  i ) ( n  x ) )
x 1 x 1
 TIME VALUE OF MONEY
NOTE: MAKE SURE THAT YOU ARE IN
Formulas: Comparison COMP MODE
• Annuity:  (1  i )  1 n n
P  A
i (1  i ) n  P   (( A)(1  i )  x )
  x 1

• Uniform Gradient: n
1  (1  i )  1 n  P   (( A  G ( X  1))(1  i )  x )
n
P  G  n
 n 
i
  i (1  i ) (1  i )  x 1

• Geometric Gradient:
 
 A 1  (1  i )  n (1  r ) n n
P   ( A(1  r ) x 1 (1  i )  x )
 ; ri
ir
P
 x 1
 A( n)(1  i ) 1 ; r  i
 EXAMPLE
• 27. How much money should you be willing to pay now for a
guaranteed $600 per year for 9 years starting next year, at a rate of
return of 16% per year?
 SOLUTION FOR #27

$600 $600 $600 $600 $600

……………………

1 2 3 4 …………………… 9

P=? i = 16%

• TYPE
 EXAMPLE
28.) Ten payments are to be made to an account listed below which
bears interest at the rate of 12% compounded annually.
End of Year Payment ($) How much will there be in
1 500 the account at the end of
2 1100 tenth year?
1700

10 5900
 SOLUTION FOR #28 F=?
$5,900

$2,300
$1,700
i = 12% $1,100

$500
……………………

1 2 3 4 …………………… 10

10
• TYPE: F   ((500  600( X  1))(1.12)10 x )
x 1
 EXAMPLE
• 29. Determine the present worth of a geometric gradient series with a
cash flow of $50,000 in year 1 and increases of 6% each year through
year 8. The interest rate is 10% per year.
 SOLUTION FOR #29
8
• Type P   (50,000(1.06) x 1 (1.1)  x )
x 1
 PROBLEM
• Engineer Hector would like to have a financially independent life after
he retires. To do that he must have P1M by the age of 32. He has
started saving up for his retirement fund when he was 22y/o at a bank
that has an interest rate of 12% (Assume that he is depositing at the
end of each year). How much must he save annually in order to achieve
his goal?
A.) P57,984.16
B.) P56,489.61
C.) P56,984.16
D.) P57,849.61
 PROBLEM
• Calculate the present equivalent at i=15% per year, using arithmetic
gradient.
EOY CASH FLOWS ($)
1 8,000 PRESENT VALUE = $19,053.39
2 7,000
3 6,000
4 5,000
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
*Note: This method can be applied as long as
• BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION you know their Probability Mass Functions (PMF))
• HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Also make sure that you are in COMP mode.
• GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
• NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
• POISSON DISTRIBUTION
 EXAMPLE
• 30. A multiple choice quiz question has 15 questions, each with 4
possible answers of which only 1 is correct. What is the probability
that the student will get at least 10 correct answer. Assuming that the
student did a shotgun method.
 SOLUTION FOR #30
MANUAL
THE PMF OF THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION IS:

SOLUTION:

=7.9494x10-4

CALCULATOR
TYPE THE FF:
 PROBLEM
• Contamination is a problem in the manufacture of magnetic storage
disks. Assume that the number of particles of contamination that
occur on a disk surface has a Poisson distribution, and the average
number of particles per square centimeter of media surface is 0.1.
The area of a disk under study is 100 square centimeters. Determine
the probability that 12 or fewer particles occur in the area of the disk
under study.
The PMF of the Poisson distribution is

P(X ≤ 12) = 0.792

 QUEUING THEORY
• Case 1: SINGLE SERVER (M/M/1):(GD/∞/∞)
• Case 2: SINGLE SERVER FINITE SYSTEM LIMIT (M/M/1):(GD/N/∞)
• Case 3: MULTIPLE SERVER (M/M/s):(GD/∞/∞)
• Case 4: MULTIPLE SERVER FINITE SYSTEM LIMIT (M/M/s):(GD/N/∞)
• Case 5: SINGLE/MULTIPLE SERVER WITH FINITE POPULATION
(M/M/R):(GD/N/N)
 QUEUING THEORY
• MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE
• P0= probability of having zero customers in the system
• Pn= probability of having “n” customers in the system
• Lq= average number of customers waiting in queue
• L= average number of customers in the system
• Wq= average time a customer spends waiting in queue
• W= average time a customer spends in the system
• PARAMETERS
• 𝜆 = Arrival rate
• μ = Service rate
 QUEUING THEORY
• TRANSITION DIAGRAMS

THE NUMBER OF THE ARRIVAL THE SERVICE

CUSTOMERS RATE RATE
IN THE SYSTEM
 EXAMPLE
• 31. A fast-food restaurant has one drive-through window. An average
of 40 customers per hour arrive at the window. It takes an average of
1 minute to serve a customer. There is a limit of only 5 customers per
line. Assume that inter-arrival and service times are exponential. Draw
the transition diagram
SOLUTION FOR #31
 NOTE THAT
QUEUING THEORY ρ =
FORMULAS FOR Pn:

NOTE THAT THIS FORMULA IS ONLY

APPLICABLE FOR CASES 1 AND 2.
FOR CASE 2 JUST CHANGE THE “50” TO
N.
CASE P0 Pn L Lq W Wq
QUEUING THEORY

2
CASE P0 Pn L Lq W Wq

4
CASE P0 Pn L Lq W Wq

5 (s=1)

If n≤s
5 (s>1)
If n≥s
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! 
• FOR ANY TUTORIALS, COMMENTS, OR CLARIFICATIONS YOU MAY
REACH ME AT hctrbnd@gmail.com OR YOU MAY MESSAGE ME ON
FACEBOOK.

“Things never get easier, you just get better”

“Good luck to all of you future Certified Industrial Engineers”
-Hec