MODULE 4:

CELL DIVERSITY
CELL TYPE DIVERSITY
-refers to the range of different cell types that comprise a tissue
or organism.
There are numerous structural cell variations suited to their
specific functions

In taxonomy, the five-kingdom scheme is used to classify

organisms.

Dichotomous key
- a tool that taxonomists often use to classify organisms correctly.
 5 KINGDOM SCHEME
 PLANTAE
 FUNGI
 ANIMALIA
 PROTISTA
 MONERA
Developed by ROBERT H.
WHITTAKER in 1969
-born Dec. 27,1920 in Kansas USA
of Illinoise
-one of the foremost and
international scholars of ecology &
evolutionary biology.
-during the late 20th century.
-Cornell University

Built on the work of previous biologist

CAROLUS LINNAEUS.
PROKARYOTES
 Any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles
due to the absence of internal membranes.

-from greek words “pro” which means “before” and “karyon”

which means “nuts or kernel”, are cell without a true nucleus.

 usually is 1-5 micro-meters only.

 NUCLEOID
 It is a region which contains most of their genetic material in a form of
circular DNA.
 PLASMIDS
-additional circular DNA molecules
 FLAGELLA
-are distinct in design and movement from the flagella found in
some eukaryotes.
 BINARY FISSION
-type of asexual reproduction that produces two identical cell.
EUKARYOTES
 From the Greek word “eu” which means “true” and
“karyon” which means “nut or kernel” .
 are cells that have true nucleus
 Bound by the nuclear membrane.
 Contains mitochondria, golgi apparatus,endoplasmic
reticulum, and lysosomes.
 Usual size 10-100 micrometers.
 Have many organelles.
 Cells divide through MITOSIS or MEIOSIS
 Perform ENDOCYTOSIS and EXOCYTOSIS
 MITOSIS
 The genetic material in a cell is duplicated and divided equally
between two cells.
 The dividing cell goes through an ordered series of events called
cell cycle.
 Initiated by certain growth factors or other cell cignals
 Somatic cells replicate by mitosis
• fat cells
• Blood cells
• Skin cells
 MEIOSIS
 The process by which gametes (sex cells) are generate in
organisms that produce sexually.
-produce by male and female gonads and contain one-half the
number of chromosomes as the original cell.
-New gene combinations are introduced in a population through
the genetic recombination.
 ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS
 Is a type of active transport that moves particles, such
as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells,
into a cell.

 Reverse process of moving material into a cell is the

process of exocytosis.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
Include
green,
brown, red
algae,
liverworts,
mosses,
ferns and
seed plants
with or
without
flowers.
 Organisms belonging to the plant kingdom are
eukaryotic and multicellular organisms.
 Distinct cell wall made of cellulose
 Contain plastids and photosynthetic pigments such as
chlorophyll.
 Non-motile
 Make their own food through photosynthesis, therefore
called autotrophic.
 Undergo asexual and sexual reproduction
CAROTENOID – a class of accessory pigments
responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors.
Cytoplasmic streaming
-the flow of cytosol in
the cell.

Cellulose is a
polysaccharide.
 BRYOPHYTES
 Have no vascular tissue.
 They do not have a waxy cuticle or roots.
 RHIZOIDS – hair-like structure that anchor the
plant down.
 Reproduction process is carried out by their spores.
 Non-flowering plant, found on the ground, other
plants, and rocks.
 SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

 Have vascular tissue but do not produce seeds.

 Reproduction is dispersed by spores, which are
typically unicellular haploid.
 SEED BEARING VASCULAR
 PLANTS
Also called spermatophytes.
 produce by dispersing seeds.
 All the plants in this category are heterosporous.
 Produces macrospores and microspores.
2 TYPES 4 PHYLUMS
GYMNOSPERMS CYCADOPHYTA ANTROPHYTA
ANGIOSPERM GINKGOPHYTA
CONIFEROPHYTA
GNETOPHYTA
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA
-primitive phylum. They are palm –like leaves that are mostly in the tropics and subtropic.
Have large cone shaped strobili that produce pollens or ovules transferred by air or insect. They also have
flagellated sperm, ancient lineage, and short broad stems.
PHYLUM GIMKGOPHYTA
-contains strong species that have survived since the time of dinosaur.
The trees show resistance to insects, disease, and air pollution. They have fan shaped leaves and trees are male or
female. Female trees produce seeds covered in fleshy smelly coat.
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
 Are woody plants. Economically important for the production of lumber and paper.
 Produce more slowly than angiosperms.
PHYLUM GENTOPHYTA
-are the most unusual gymnosperms. They have leaves similar looking to angiosperms.
They have double fertilization without endosperm. They live in tropical and desert areas where insects pollinate
them. Their cones are bisexual.
 ANGIOSPERMS
-have enclosed seed, flowers, fruits, and double fertilization that produces endosperm.
PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA
-has flowering plants
-they are characterized by the flowers, which aren’t always seen and their seeds that are
enclosed inside an ovary.
PHYLUM SPLITS INTO 2 CLASSES
MONOCOTYLEDONS & DICOTYLONS.
-plants like palm trees, grass , corn, and orchids.
-have one cotyledon used to store food for the young seedling.
-have floral parts in multiple of three.-root
-do not have secondary growth.
DICOTS – thing like apple trees, sunflower, peas and oak trees.
-have two cotyledon and have floral part in multiples of four or five.-stem
-have secondary growth.
 The plant body of true fungi is a thallus. Could be non-
mycelial or mycelial.
 Non-mycelial are unicellular. Mycelial forms, the plant body
is made up of thread-like structures called hyphae.
 Mainly made up of chitin and glucans.
 Are achlorophyllus organisms.
 Fungi either reproduces asexually or sexually
 AXESUAL MODE OF REPRODUCTION
 Reffered to anamorph
 SEXUAL MODE OF REPRODUCTION
- Reffered to as teleomorph
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF
NUTRITION
PARASITE /PARASITIC – obtain their nutrition
by living on other living organisms (plants or
animals) and absorb nutrient from their host.
SAPROPHYTES / SAPROPHYTIC- obtain their
nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances.
SYMBIONTS / SYMBIOTIC – live by having an
interdependent relationship association other species
in which both are mutually benefited.
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
REPRODUCTION
 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• FRAGMETATION – multiply by breaking of
mycelium
• BUDDING – a bud arises as papilla on the parent cell
and then after its enlargement separates into a
completely independent entity.
• FISSION –a few unicelled forms like yeasts and slime
moulds multiply by this process.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• SPORANGIOSPORE – thin-walled, non-motile
spores formed in a sporangium. They may be
uni- or multinucleate. On account of their
structure, they are also called as aplanospores.
• ZOOSPORES – thin-walled, motile-spores
formed in a zoosporangium.
• CONIDIA – they are born freely on the tips of
special branches called conidiophores.
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPORE FORMATION

ZYGOMYCETES – formed by fusion of two different cells. SEXUAL

SPORE – ZYGOSPORES. ASEXUAL APORES -SPORANGIOPORES
ASCOMYCETES - also called sac fungi. Can be coprophilous, decomposer,
parasitic or saprophytic. SEXUAL SPORE- ASCOSPORES ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION – by conidiospores.
BASIDIOMYCETES - mushrooms the most commonly found
basidiomycetes and mostly live as parasites. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION –
by conidia, budding or fragmentation
DEUTEROMYCETES – also called “imperfect fungi” as they do not follow
the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi. Do not reproduce sexually.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - conidia
 3 PHASES BEHAVIOR
• PLASMOGAMY – fusion of 2 protoplasts
• KARYOGAMY – fusion of 2 nuclei
• MEIOSIS – the reduction division
 IMPORTANT USES OF FUNGI
• RECYCLING
• FOOD
• MEDICINES
• BIOCONTROL AGENTS
• FOOD SPOILAGE