Communication Strategies

Report by:Jenelle Mejare and Widad

Hajinor
 Lesson 10 Enchancing competence in using Communicative Strategies

• People do not communicate in just one way, using only one method. When communicating with
other persons, people interact in different ways, people might joke with one and be reserved with
another. They might be casual with a best friend, but formal with their parents. Group discussion
is different from public speaking. A different communicative strategy-that leads to effective
communication- is needed for every situation. Each an adjustment of speech. Context requires an
understanding of the speech style to ensure the delivery of the messages.

• Although we always communicate with one another, we interact based on a specific speech
context. After all, a speaker cannot whisper a speech to an Audience, nor can we talk as though a
public speaker at the person giving the job interview. Communication is divided into a certain
levels based on the number of participants in the process. Intrapersonal communication means one
person (yourself) is both communicator and receiver. Intrapersonal communication involves more
than one person, from two (such as in Dyadic communication) to many persons ( such as group
discussion or public communication). The level of communication dictates the types of speech
style and speech act to be used a communicative strategies.
 Lesson 10

• Each speech style for the way language is used varies with the purpose of communication and the
speech context (or level of communication engaged in). Intimate and casual styles are used in
Dyadic Communication, particularly in conversation and Dialogue, while consultative style may
be for group discussion. Formal and, sometimes, Frozen Styles are most often associated with
public communication.

• As for the three types of speech acts, three are helpful in elaborating the meaning of what is being
said. For a locutionary speech act to make sense, the same meaning should be shared by both the
speaker and the listener. While an illocutionary act embodies, the speaker’s intention, the
perlocutionary act is meant to elicit a response from the listener.

• All the above are crucial in building a communicative strategy- a way, a plan, a means-of sharing
information to achieve a purpose. Seven types of communicative strategy are discussed and will
be practiced by the students: Nomination, restriction, turn-talking, topic control, topic shifting,
repair and termination
 Lesson 11 Learning the types of Speech
Context

Communication can involve more than two people or an audience. It can be a group discussion on
cancer awareness or an organizational program to save the environment. Indeed, communication may be
classified into different types based on the number of participants in the process.

• Intrapersonal Communication
- Communicating with oneself
- Intrapersonal communication is the process by which an individual communicates within
themselves, acting as both sender and receiver of messages, and encompasses the use of unspoken
words to consciously engage in self-talk and inner speech. This may be seen in situations involving
talking to or writing to oneself, even thinking to oneself.

- Basically, in intrapersonal communication, the speaker and the listener are the same, which is you.
You send the message yourself and you yourself receive that message.
• Interpersonal Communication
- is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people through
verbal or non-verbal methods.

a. Dyadic Communication
- This means a long-lasting exchange of ideas between two people, or any active communication.
Examples are two friends chatting, a meeting between boss and employee and a conversation
between a mother and daughter. Conversation is an informal dyadic communication, while
interview and dialogue are formal dyadic communication.

- Conversation is the most common, the most frequent, and the most popular of all dyadic
communication. Interviews are always highly formal compared to conversation, but not as in-depth
as a dialogue is, where one bares heart and soul to go deeper into their motivations, attitudes, and
beliefs.
b. Small Group Communication

- This requires from 3 to 15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem and come up with a solution
or a plan. This is not just a gathering of people with no goal in mind but to pass the time.
Advantages of this include shared decision making, shared resources, synergy, and exposure to
diversity. Because everyone can be both Speaker and Listener in this setting, rules must be followed
to facilitate order. Small groups may be divided into two according to purpose: Study Groups and
Task-Oriented Groups.
c. Public Communication

- This is when one Speaker addressed many Listeners, collectively known as the Audience. The roles of
Speaker and Listener cannot be switched. Many public communication events are formal. The speech is
well prepared, the Speaker is dressed appropriately and is usually provided a stage, and the Listeners are
set to listen to the Message. The informal version of public communication does not necessarily have a
stage, the Speaker may be dressed informally. This form of public communication happens when the
gathering is impromptu.
d. Mass Communication

- This is any of the above human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of mass media technology.
With the advent of the Internet and the worldwide web, Mass Communication now includes ‘Social
Media’, which allow for the use of technology by everyone. Social Media cover videos that go viral on
the Internet as well as webcasts/podcasts which reach millions, more than radio or TV ever could.
Examples of mass communication include commercial advertising, public relations, journalism, and
political campaigning.
e. Organizational Communication

- This is a broad field that encompasses all forms of communication that allow organizations such as
companies, government agencies, and non-profits to function, grow, connect with stakeholders, and
contribute to society.

Formal Organizational Communication uses the proper channels graphically illustrated by an

organizational chart. An example is a memo on salary increase, which is issued by the company
president, sent along to the vice president, then is passed on to the managers, and finally handed on to
the supervisors before reaching the employees.

The Informal version avoids the links, skips forward or backwards, or even goes sideways just to
achieve the same goal. For example: to pass on a memo, announcement, or a report.

Both types of Organizational Communication are necessary for the organization to survive.
 11

f. Intercultural Communication

- This refers to sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures. This is the exchange
of concepts, traditions, values and practices between people with different cultures. To make the
exchange more meaningful, there should be a deeper understanding and awareness of what makes
various nationalities different and unique, but also similar and familiar

- An example is chatting with a friend from Abu Dhabi might bring out the difficulties of a Catholic
Filipino migrant worker in a Muslim country.
 Lesson 12 learning the types of speech

• Each speech context having a different set of participants coming together for a specific
purpose, calls for a specific communicative strategy. These strategy are also dependent
on the types of speech that is used in a particular speech context.

• Like speech context, there are several types of speech style for communicating. The
exercise in the previous lessons described the reasons for communicating an the way in
which that communication was carried out. When talking to another person, words are
carefully chosen and so is the manner those words are spoken .

• Each speech style is as distinct as the types of speech context and can be paired
according to usage. The style according to Martin Joos (1959) are the following
A,) Intimate – is a no-public Speech Style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal
messages. It is a style in which meaning is shared even without “correct linguistic forms”. This occurs
among people who have known each other for a long time and have shared many experiences. Because
they know each other well, they can sometimes complete each other’s sentence and even without the
other person is thinking even before they open their mouths. Even without the correct linguistic form
people using the intimate style understand each other.
B.) Causal- is a speech style used among friends and acquaintance that do not require background
information. The use of slang is common and interruptions occur often. Casual style is used where are
no social barriers to consider.
C.) Consultative- is the opposite of the intimate style because this style is used precisely among people
who do not share common experience or meaning. This does not preclude disclosure of background
information later in order to become the basis of share meaning. Consultative style requires two-way
participant and interruptions can occur during the communication.
D.) Formal – is used only for imparting information. The speech is well organized and correct in
grammar and diction. Technical vocabulary and exact definitions and important in the Formal style,
such as in presentation. Straightforward and direct, with no circumlocution, this style does not allow
interruption.
E.) Frozen- in a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic and may even be archaic. Formal style is
exemplified any person that have been recited in the same way for year, the pledge od Allegiance or
Panatang makabayan, and the oath of office of any officer, whether of the student council or of congress.

Each type of speech style is used according to the Philippines and speech context discussed previously.
On the other hands, speech styles use the speech acts (which will be discuss in lesson 13) to enhance
communication.