NATURE OF MATTER

Objectives

1. Differentiate the states of matter from one another.

2. Learn the physical and chemical properties of matter.
3. Classify and differentiate the different forms of matter.
4. Familiarize the methods of separation of mixtures.
5. Know the importance of chemistry in the everyday life.
States of Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

States of Matter

1. Solid
- molecules are held close together in an orderly
fashion with little freedom of motion

- has definite volume and shape

- incompressible
States of Matter

2. Liquid
- molecules are held slightly close together in
random arrangement and can move past one
another.
- has definite volume but no definite shape
- has low compressibility
States of Matter

3. Gas

- molecules are separated by large distances

which makes them move freely

- has no definite volume and shape

- has high compressibility

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

PHYSICAL PROPERTY
- can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity
of a substance
a. Intensive Property
- does not depend on the amount of matter
- ex. density, temperature, boiling point,
freezing point

b. Extensive Property
- depends on the amount of matter
- ex. mass, volume
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Identify if the property is extensive or intensive.

1. Melting point of ice - Intensive property

2. Viscosity - Intensive property

3. Area - Extensive property

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

CHEMICAL PROPERTY
- defined by what it is composed of and what chemical changes it undergo

ex. flammability, reactivity with

other substances such as
acids, bases, etc.
Physical and Chemical Change

PHYSICAL CHANGE
Vapor
- a process that changes the
physical properties of a
substance without changing its
composition

Solid Liquid
Physical and Chemical Change

CHEMICAL CHANGE
- a process in which one or
more substances are
converted into one or
more new substances

2 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 )+2 𝐻 2 𝑂 (𝑙) → 2 𝐶𝑠𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) +𝐻 2(𝑔)

 Matter

undergoes either
Involves change in Involves change in
Appearance and
Appearance Physical Change or Chemical Change
Composition
Involves the Involves the
presence of the presence of the
following evidences following evidences

size release of gas

shape change of odor

Melting of ice hardness production of Rotten egg

heat and light
texture production of
other form of
phase substance
Classifications of Matter

Source: Chang, R. and Goldsby, K., 2014. Chemistry. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Classifications of Matter

SUBSTANCE
- a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties.

ELEMENT COMPOUND

- a substance that cannot - a substance composed of

be separated into simpler atoms of two or more
substances by chemical elements chemically united
means. in fixed proportions

Ex. sodium, silver, carbon Ex. carbon dioxide, sodium chloride

Classifications of Matter

MIXTURE
- a combination of two or more substances

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
- a mixture whose
composition is uniform all
through out.
- Only one phase is observed
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
- a mixture in which different
components are easily
recognized
- two or more phases are
observed
Classifications of Matter

Determine if the following are substance or mixture. Identify their types.

1. rubbing alcohol - mixture - homogeneous mixture

2. dry ice - substance - compound

3. saline water - mixture - homogeneous mixture

4. orange juice with pulp - mixture - heterogeneous mixture

5. oxygen gas - substance - element

6. diamond - substance - element

Elements and Compounds
Elements and Compounds

Elements are further classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Metals Non-metals Metalloids

Mercury Sulfur Silicon

Barium Oxygen Antimony
Sodium Nitrogen Boron
Calcium Neon Tellurium
Silver Hydrogen Arsenic
Elements and Compounds

Elements are further classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Characteristics of Metal
1. Lustrous
2. Ductile – can be drawn into thin wire
3. Malleable – can be hammered without breaking
4. Good conductors of heat and electricity
5. High boiling point and melting point
Elements and Compounds

Elements are further classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Characteristics of Non-metals
1. Dull
2. Brittle, hard, or soft
3. Poor conductors of heat and electricity
4. Low melting point and boiling point
Elements and Compounds

Elements are further classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Characteristics of Metalloids
1. Can be shiny or dull
2. Shapes is easily changed
3. Make good semiconductors
4. Melting point and boiling point vary widely
Elements and Compounds

Compounds are the combinations of elements. They can be classified as either

covalent compounds or ionic compounds.

Chemical Formulas and Chemical Names of Some Common Compounds

Chemical Formula Chemical Name

Water

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Sodium Carbonate

Chlorine gas
Elements and Compounds

Compounds can also be classified into acids, bases, and salts.

Acids – substances which ionize in water to produce hydrogen ion (

- ex. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid

Bases – substances which ionize in water to produce hydroxide ion (

- ex. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide

Salts – crystalline compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and base

- ex. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

1. Filtration – a process used to separate insoluble solid (precipitate) from a mixture

Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

2. Distillation – a process whereby a liquid is converted into vapor by boiling and the
vapor is condensed back to liquid by cooling.
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

3. Crystallization – a method to separate a soluble solid form from its solution based
from the different solubility of solids in water at 25 degree Celsius.
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

4. Decantation – a process of separating a solid from a liquid, by pouring off the

liquid after allowing the solid to settle in the liquid.
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

5. Dissolution – a method in which a mixture of a soluble and insoluble solid

substances can be separated by using an appropriate solvent
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

6. Chromatography – a technique in which the mixture flow over a material that

retains some components more so different components flow over the material at
different speeds.
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

7. Sublimation – the process of changing solid to the gaseous form without passing
through the liquid state
Methods of Separating Mixtures into Their Component Substances

1. Filtration
2. Distillation
3. Crystallization
4. Decantation
5. Dissolution
6. Chromatography
7. Sublimation
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NATURE OF MATTER