ENERGY TRANSFER

BETWEEN FLUID AND ROTOR

Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Basic Laws and Equations
Continuity Equation

m  1C1 A1   2C2 A2
m  mass flow rate (kg / s )
Basic Laws and Equations
Steady Flow Energy
Equation (First Law of
Thermodynamics)

 p2 p1  
Q  W  m    
 
1
2
2
 2

C2  C1  g Z 2  Z1   u2  u1 
 2 1  
Basic Laws and Equations
Newton’s Second Law of Motion - Linear

 Fx  mC x 2  C x1 
Basic Laws and Equations
Newton’s Second Law of Motion - Angular

 r  C C  n dA   r  F 
cs
cv content  T

Torque
Basic Laws and Equations
Newton’s Second Law of Motion - Angular

Power
(Euler Equation for Turbomachinery)

W=

For Power Machine (Turbine)

W= <0
For Working Machine (Pump)
W= >0
Basic Laws and Equations
Entropy

Turbine Pump

dq In the absence of Tds  du  pdv

 s motion, gravity and
T any other effects Tds  dh  vdp
Flow Idealization through a
Turbomachinery
a. Working Machine

C=W+U
Flow Idealization through a
Turbomachinery
b. Power Machine

C=W+U
Flow Idealization through a
Turbomachinery
a. Working Machine

• Energy is transferred from rotor to the fluid

• The increase of tangential component of
absolute velocity in the same direction with
rotation of rotor

b. Power Machine
• Energy is transferred from fluid to the rotor
• The increase of tangential component of
absolute velocity in the opposite direction to
rotation of rotor
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Relation of Absolute, Blade and Relative Velocity

Cx = tangential component of absolute velocity (whirl velocity)

Cr = radial component of absolute velocity
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Relation of Blade Angle and Relative Flow Angle

Nomenclatures:
 = blade angle
 ’= relative flow
angle
1 = inlet/entry
2 = outlet/exit
Ideal Condition :
- No schock at entry
- No slip at exit

1 =  1’
2 = 2’
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Euler Equation of Turbomachinery
Power W   T  m2 U 2C x 2   m1 U1C x1 
m1  m2  m  continuity
U1  r1 ; U 2  r2
Specific W
Power w  U 2C x 2   U1C x1 
m
 r2C x 2   r1C x1 

Note: 2 n  Dn  (rad/s)
  U  r 
60 60 n (rpm)
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Another approach
Large triangle : Cr2  C 2  C x2
C 2 U 2 W 2
UC x 
Small triangle : C  W  C x  U 
2
2
r
2
2

Therefore :
w
C 2
2    
 C12  U 22  U12  W22  W12 
2
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Energy Head

Relation between rotor power and fluid energy

W  mU 2C x 2   U1C x1   mgh

Change of Fluid energy Head

h 
U 2C x 2   U1C x1 
g


1
2g
    
C22  C12  U 22  U12  W22  W12 
1 2 3
Analysis of Velocity Triangle
Energy Head

1. Change of head caused by change of kinetic

energy of the fluid
2. Change of head that develops across the impeller
due to the centrifugal effect,
3. Chage of head caused by the diffusion of relative
flow in the blade passages
 Analysis of Velocity Triangle in Turbomachinery
1.

Solution:
Given D1 = 1.5 m ; n = 400 rpm; Cr1 = 10 m/s ; 𝛼1 = 15o
Velocity triangle:

Cx1 = ?

W1 = ? Cr1 = 10 m/s
C1 = ?
Analysis of Velocity Triangle in Turbomachinery

U1 = 31.42 m/s Cx1= 37.32 m/s

59.5o
W1 = Cr1 = 10 m/s
11.61 m/s
C1= 38.64 m/s

C1 = Cr1 / sin 15o = 38.64 m/s (a)

Cx1 = C1 cos 15o = 37.32 m/s (b)

W1 = [Cr12 + (Cx1 – U1)2]1/2 = 11.61 m/s (c)

Sin 𝛾1 = Cr1 / W1 = 0.861  𝛾1 = 59.5o

𝛽1’ = 180o – 59.5o = 120.5o (d)

 Analysis of Velocity Triangle in Turbomachinery
2. An outward flow working turbomachinery, having an external diameter of
0.6 m and internal diameter of 0.3 m. The water enters the impeller radially
with absolute velocity at 2.5 m/s. The relative flow angle at inlet is 30o and
at outlet is 45o. If the water leave the impeller with radial component of
absolute velocity equal to absolute velocity at inlet, find :
(a) Rotating speed of impeller (n)
(b) Specific work of the rotor shaft (w)