THE NATURE OF

VARIABLES
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Differentiate the
kinds of variables
and their uses
 REVIEW
• How important is quantitative
research during the pandemic?
• In what instances of our life do we
see the importance of quantitative
research?
 ACTIVITY
Directions: Guided by the set of
images, re-arrange the letters to
form the correct term that will best
describe the set of images.
DEENGR
GENDER
MPRECOSINONHE
COMPREHENSION
MINEOC
INCOME
EERRFOAMPCN
PERFORMANCE
 ANALYSIS

• What terms were form or unlock?

• What is common to these terms?
Variables
 Variable
• Central concept in research
• Any characteristic which is subject to
change and can have more than one value
such as age, intelligence, motivation,
gender, etc.
Continuous
and Discrete
 Continuous Variable
• A variable that can take infinite
number on the value that can occur
within population
• Its values can be divided into fractions
 Discrete Variable
• Also known as categorical or
classificatory variable
• Any variable that has limited number
of distinct values and which cannot be
divided into fractions
 Continuous or Discrete
• Time • Marital Status
• Sex • Number of Students in
• Blood Group each Strand
• Income • Number of Children in
• the Family
Age
• The price of gas
 Interval Variable
• Interval variables have a numerical value
• These have order and equal intervals.
• It has no absolute zero value
 Ratio Variable
• A ratio variable is similar to an
interval variable with one difference:
the ratio makes sense.
• It has absolute zero value
 Interval or Ratio
• Scores
• Height
• Weight
• Celsius
• Fahrenheit
• Distance
 Nominal/Categorical Variable
• They can be measured only in terms of whether the individual
items belong to certain distinct categories
• We cannot quantify or even rank/order the categories:
• Nominal data has no order
• One cannot perform arithmetic (+, -, /, *) or logical operations
(>, <, =) on the nominal data.
 Ordinal Variable
• An ordinal variable is a nominal variable, but its different
states are ordered in a meaningful sequence.
• It can be ranked
• Ordinal data has order but the intervals between scale points
may be uneven.
• Because of lack of equal distances, arithmetic operations are
impossible, but logical operations can be performed on the
ordinal data.
 Nominal or Ordinal
• place of birth • political orientation
• Socioeconomic • gender
status • types of sports
• class • Educational
attainment
• Grades
 Dependent
and
Independent
 Independent Variable
• Variable that is presumed to influence other
variable
• It is the presumed cause
• It is the one responsible for the conditions
that act on something else to bring about
changes
 Dependent Variable

• Variable affected by the independent variable

• It responds to the independent variable.
• It presumed effect
• It is the result or effect of the changes brought about
by another variable
 Extraneous Variables
• Variables that may affect the research outcomes but not have
been adequately considered in the study. Extraneous
variables that are not recognized until the study is in process,
or are recognized before the study initiated but cannot be
controlled are referred to as confounding variables.
• Certain external variables may influence the relationship
between the research variables, even though researcher
cannot see it. These variables are called intervening
variables.
 Independent or Dependent
• How stress affects mental state of human beings?
• Promotion affects employees’ motivation
• Effectiveness of Exposing Students in Classical Music on
Reading Comprehension
• Increasing Mathematics Achievement Through Contextualized
and Localized Materials
 o u … .
a n k Y
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