Baish

Community
College

Unit 2
KINEMATICS
General Physics
091 PHYS
Instructor: Dr. Sabar D. Hutagalung
Email: sdhutagalung@gmail.com
Main topics
• One-Dimensional (1-D) Kinematics
• Scalar & vector
• Two-Dimensional (2-D) Kinematics
Introduction
 Mechanics – study of motion, force,
energy.
 Kinematics – how objects move.
 Dynamics – why objects move.
 Translational Motion – move
without rotation.
1-D Kinematics
Learning Topics:
• Position, Distance, and Displacement
• Average Speed and Velocity
• Instantaneous Velocity
• Acceleration
• Motion with Constant Acceleration
• Applications of the Equations of Motion
• Freely Falling Objects
Kinematics
• Kinematics is the study of how things move –
how far (distance and displacement), how fast
(speed and velocity), and how fast velocity
changes (acceleration).
• The term is derived from the Greek word
kinema, meaning movement.
• We say that an object moving in a straight line
is moving in one dimension, and an object which
is moving in a curved path (like a projectile) is
moving in two dimensions.
Kinematics
• In order to quantify motion, a mathematical
coordinate system, called a reference frame, is
used to describe space and time.
• Figure shows a Cartesian coordinate system in
one dimension with unit vector ˆi pointing in the
direction of increasing x -coordinate.

Figure. A one-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.

Important Terms
• Acceleration: the rate of change in velocity
• Acceleration due to gravity: the acceleration of a freely falling
object in the absence of air resistance, which near the earth’s
surface is approximately 10 m/s2
• Average acceleration: the acceleration of an object measured
over a time interval
• Average velocity: the velocity of an object measured over a
time interval; the displacement of an object divided by the
change in time during the motion
• Constant (or uniform) acceleration: acceleration which does not
change during a time interval
• Constant (or uniform) velocity: velocity which does not change during
a time interval
Important Terms
• Displacement: change in position in a particular direction
(vector)
• Distance: the length moved between two points (scalar)
• Initial velocity: the velocity at which an object starts at the
beginning of a time interval
• Instantaneous: the value of a quantity at a particular
instant of time, such as instantaneous position, velocity, or
acceleration
• Speed: the ratio of distance to time
• Velocity: ratio of the displacement of an object to a time
interval
Position, Distance, and
Displacement
• Coordinate system  defines position
• Distance  total length of travel
• (SI unit = meter, m)
• Scalar quantity
• Displacement  change in position
• Change in position = final pos. – initial pos.
•  x = x f – xi
• Vector quantity
 Position, Distance, and Displacement
Before describing motion, you
must set up a coordinate system –
define an origin and a positive
direction.

Distance is the total

length of travel.
If you drive from your
house to the grocery
store and back, what is
the total distance you
traveled?

Displacement is the change in position.

If you drive from your house to the grocery store and then to your friend’s
house, what is your total distance? What is your displacement?
Average speed and velocity
• Average speed  distance traveled divided by the
total elapsed time
distance
Average speed 
elapsed time

• SI units, meters/second (m/s)

• Scalar quantity
• Always positive
Average speed and velocity
• Average velocity  displacement divided by the
total elapsed time
displacement
Average velocity 
elapsed time
 x x f  xi
vav  
t t f  ti
• SI units of m/s
• Vector quantity
• Can de positive or negative
Average speed and velocity
• Average velocity = displacement /elapsed time

What’s your average

velocity if you return to
your starting point?

What if the runner

sprints 50 m in 8 s?

What if he walks back to

the starting line in 40 s?

• What is his average sprint velocity? His average walking

velocity? And his average velocity for the entire trip?
 Graphical Interpretation of Average
Velocity
The same motion, plotted one-dimensionally and as an
position vs. time (x-t) graph:

Position vs time graphs give us information

about:
Average velocity  slope of a line on a x-t
plot is equal to the average velocity over
that interval
rise y2  y1
slope  
run x2  x1
Instantaneous Velocity
• Instantaneous velocity 

• This means that we evaluate the average velocity over a

shorter and shorter period of time; as that time becomes
infinitesimally small, we have the instantaneous velocity.
• Magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is known as the
instantaneous speed
Instantaneous Velocity
• As t  small, the
ratio x/t becomes
constant
• Consider the simple
case of an object with
constant velocity

• In this case as t gets smaller the ratio

remains constant
Instantaneous velocity
Graphical Interpretation of Average and Instantaneous Velocity

• Average velocity is the slope of the straight line connecting two

points corresponding to a given time interval.
• Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line at a given
instant of time.
Acceleration
• Average acceleration  the change in velocity
divided by the time it took to change the velocity

• SI units meters/(second · second), m/s2

• Vector quantity
• Can be positive or negative
• Accelerations give rise to force
Acceleration
• What does it mean to have
Typical acceleration
an acceleration of 10 m/s2? (m/s2)
Ultracentifuge 3 x 106
Time Velocity Bullet fired
4.4 x 105
(s) (m/s) from a rifle
High jump 15
0 0
Acceleration of
9.8
gravity
1 10
Emergency
8
stop in a car
2 20
Airplane during
5
takeoff
3 30
An elevator 3
Acceleration
• Instantaneous acceleration - This means that we
evaluate the average acceleration over a shorter
and shorter period of time; as that time becomes
infinitesimally small, we have the instantaneous
acceleration.
v
a  lim
t 0 t

• When acceleration is constant, the instantaneous

and average accelerations are equal
Graphical interpretation of Acceleration
• Velocity vs time (v-t) graphs give us information about:
average acceleration, instantaneous acceleration
• average velocity  slope of a line on a x-t plot is equal to
the average velocity over that interval

• The “+” 0.25 m/s2 means

the particle’s speed is
increasing by 0.25 m/s
every second
• What does the “-” 0.5 m/s2
mean?
Acceleration
• Acceleration - increasing speed and deceleration -
decreasing speed.
• In 1-D velocity & acceleration can be “+” or “-”
depending on whether they point in the “+” or “-”
direction of the coordinate system
• Leads to two conclusion
• When the velocity & acceleration have the same sign the
speed of the object increases (in this case the velocity &
acceleration point in the same direction)
• When the velocity & acceleration have opposite signs, the
speed of the object decreases (in this case the velocity &
acceleration point in opposite directions
Acceleration
Under which scenarios does the car’s speed
increase? Decrease?
Motion with constant acceleration
• We are limited to calculations when
acceleration is a constant
• We will use the mathematical definition of
displacement, velocity, and acceleration to
derive Kinematic equations.
Motion with constant acceleration
• If the acceleration is constant, the velocity changes
linearly:

Average velocity:
• v0 = initial velocity
• a = acceleration
• t = time
• vt
Motion with constant acceleration
• Average velocity:

• Position as a function of time:

• Velocity as a function of position:

Motion with constant acceleration
• The relationship between position and time follows a
characteristic curve.

• x  t2
•If the time doubles what happens to the position?
Motion with Constant
Acceleration

Can you derive these equations?

Example
• A car slows down uniformly from a speed of 21.0
m/s to rest in 6.00 s. How far did it travel in this
time?
• Object: car
Solution
Known:
•v0 = 21.0 m/s; v = 0 m/s; t = 6.00 s
•Physics: Car is going through negative acceleration
in 1D, acceleration is constant.
•Equation: Needs v0, v, t, x (define x0 = 0)

x So,
 x0  12 (v  v0 )t

Solve:2 (0  21m / s )(6 s )  63m

x  1
Example
• A car is behind a truck going 25m/s on the
highway. The car’s driver looks for an
opportunity to pass, guessing that his car can
accelerate at 1.0m/s2. He gauges that he has
to cover the 20 m length of the truck, plus 10
m clear room at the rear of the truck and 10 m
more at the front of it. In the oncoming lane,
he sees a car approaching, probably also
traveling at 25 m/s. He estimates that the car
is about 400 m away. Should he attempt to
pass?
Solution
Known quantities
Car relative truck Car relative to App. Car App. Car
v0=0m/s 25m/s 25m/s
a=1m/s2 1m/s2 0m/s2
x=40m 360m (why?)

Physics – car must travel 40 m to pass truck, approaching car can

travel maximum of 400-40 m in that same period of time, or
their paths overlap
Solution
• Time for car to pass x  x0  v0t  12 at 2
x  12 at 2
2x 2(40m)
t 
a 1m / s 2
t  8.94s

• How far did the other car get in that time?

t  8.94s
x  vt
x  (25m / s )(8.94)
Yes, he can attempt to
pass! x  223.5m
Problem
A park ranger driving on a back country road suddenly sees a deer
“frozen” in the headlights. The ranger who is driving at 11.4 m/s,
immediately applies the brakes and slows with an acceleration of 3.8
m/s2. If the deer is 20 m from the ranger’s vehicle when the brakes are
applied, how close does the ranger come to hitting the deer? How
much time is needed for the ranger’s vehicle to stop?
Motion with constant acceleration
• Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to
the influence of gravity. The acceleration due to
gravity is a constant, g.
Motion with constant acceleration
An object falling in air is subject to air resistance
(and therefore is not freely falling).

• Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the

influences of gravity
• An object is in free fall as soon as it is released
Free falling
objects

Free fall from rest

Summary
• Distance: total length of travel
• Displacement: change in position
• Average speed: distance / time
• Average velocity: displacement / time
• Instantaneous velocity: average velocity
measured over an infinitesimally small
time
Summary
• Instantaneous acceleration: average
acceleration measured over an infinitesimally
small time
• Average acceleration: change in velocity divided
by change in time
• Deceleration: velocity and acceleration have
opposite signs
• Constant acceleration: equations of motion
relate position, velocity, acceleration, and time
• Freely falling objects: constant acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2
Equations and Symbols
Scalar
 A SCALAR is ANY
Scalar Magnitude
quantity in physics that Example
has Magnitude, but Speed 20 m/s
NOT a direction
associated with it. Distance 10 m

 Magnitude – A Age 15 years

numerical value with Heat 1000 calories
units.
Vector Vector
Example
Magnitude &
Direction
• A VECTOR is any quantity Velocity 20 m/s, N
in physics that has both Acceleration 10 m/s/s, E
MAGNITUDE and
Force 5 N, West
DIRECTION.
  
v , x, a, F
• Vectors are typically
illustrated by drawing an
ARROW above the symbol.
• The arrow is used to
convey direction and
magnitude.
Polar Notation
 Polar notation defines a vector by
designating the vector’s magnitude |A| and
angle θ relative to the +x axis.
 Using that notation the vector is written:

 In this picture we have a force vector with

magnitude 12 newtons oriented at 210
degrees with the + x axis.
 It would be characterized as F = 12 < 210
Polar Notation
 In this picture we have a force vector of 12
newtons oriented along the -x axis.
 However, polar notation is relative to the +x
axis.
 Therefore, it would be characterized by
F = 12 < 180

 In this last picture we have 2 vectors. They

are characterized by:

C = 2 < 30

D = 4 < - 50 or D = 4 < 310

Scalar Multiplication
 Multiplying a vector by a
scalar will ONLY
CHANGE its magnitude. Thus if A = 12 < 105,
Then 2A = 24 < 105

Thus if A = 12 < 105,

Multiplying a vector by
“-1” does not change the
magnitude, but it does
reverse it's direction
then -A = 12 < 285
If A = 12 < 105,
then (-1/2)A = 6 < 285
 Unit Vector Notation
 Unit vector notation is an effective and popular system used in engineering.

j = vector of magnitude “1”

in the “y” direction =3j

i = vector of magnitude “1”

in the “x” direction = 4i

The LEGS of the triangle are

The hypotenuse in called the COMPONENTS
Physics is called the
RESULTANT or A  4iˆ  3 ˆj
VECTOR SUM. 3j Vertical Component

4i

Horizontal Component NOTE: When drawing a right triangle that

conveys some type of motion, you MUST
draw your components HEAD TO TOE.
Unit Vector Notation
iˆ : unit vector in the  x direction
ˆj : unit vector in the  y direction
kˆ : unit vector in the  z direction
 The proper terminology is to use
the “hat” instead of the arrow.
 So we have i-hat, j-hat, and k-hat
which are used to describe any
type of motion in 3D space.

How would you write vectors J and K in

unit vector notation?

J  2iˆ  4 ˆj
K  2iˆ  5 ˆj
VECTOR ADDITION
 If two (2) similar vectors point in the SAME direction, add them.

Example:
• A man walks 54.5 meters east, then another 30 meters east.
Calculate his displacement relative to where he started?

54.5 m, E + 30 m, E

84.5 m, E

Notice that the SIZE of the arrow conveys MAGNITUDE and the way it
was drawn conveys DIRECTION.
VECTOR SUBTRACTION
 If 2 vectors are going in opposite directions, you
SUBTRACT.

Example:
• A man walks 54.5 meters east, then 30 meters west.
Calculate his displacement relative to where he started?

54.5 m, E -

30 m, W

24.5 m, E
NON-COLLINEAR VECTORS
• When 2 vectors are perpendicular, we must use the
Pythagorean theorem.
Example 1:
A man walks 95 km, East then 55
km, north. Calculate his
RESULTANT DISPLACEMENT.
55 km, N

Answer:

95 km,E c2  a 2  b2  c  a 2  b2
c  Resultant  952  552
c  12050  109.8 km
NON-COLLINEAR VECTORS
Just putting North of East on the answer is NOT specific enough for the direction.
We MUST find the VALUE of the angle.

 To find the value of the angle we

use a Trigonal function called
109.8 km TANGENT.
55 km, N
opposite side 55
tan     0.5789
adjacent side 95
 N of E
  tan 1 (0.5789)  30
95 km,E

109.8 km @ 30 N of E
So the complete final answer is : 109.8 km  30
95iˆ km  55 ˆj km
NON-COLLINEAR VECTORS
Example 2:
Suppose a person walked 65 m, 25 degrees East of North. What were
his horizontal and vertical components?
The goal: ALWAYS MAKE A RIGHT TRIANGLE!
H.C. = ?

To solve for components, we often use the trig

V.C = ? functions sine and cosine.
25 65 m
adjacent side opposite side
cos  sin  
hypotenuse hypotenuse
adj  hyp cos opp  hyp sin 

adj  V .C.  65 cos 25  58.91 m, N or 58.91 ˆj m

opp  H .C.  65 sin 25  27.47 m, E or 27.47iˆ m
Example 3
• A boat moves with a velocity of 15 m/s, N in a river which flows with a
velocity of 8.0 m/s, west. Calculate the boat's resultant velocity with
respect to due north.

8.0 m/s, W Rv  82  152  17 m / s

15 m/s, N
8
Rv
tan    0.5333
 15
  tan 1 (0.5333)  28.1

The Final Answer : 17 m / s @ 28.1 W of N

17 m / s  118 .1
 8iˆ m / s  15 ˆj m / s
The “Dot” Product (Vector
Multiplication)
• Multiplying 2 vectors sometimes gives you a SCALAR
quantity which we call the SCALAR DOT PRODUCT.

In polar notation consider 2 vectors:

A = |A| < θ1 & B = |B| < θ2

The dot product between A and B

produces a SCALAR quantity.
The magnitude of the scalar product is
defined as:

Where  is the NET angle between the two

vectors, as shown in the figure.
The Scalar Dot Product
 Let A = |12| < 30, Let B = |5| < 65
 What is A "dot" B?

A  B  A B cos   12 5 cos 35
A  B  49.15

 In unit vector notation, it looks a little

different. Consider:

The "Dot" product between these

is equal to:
The Scalar Dot Product

What is the SIGNIFICANCE of the dot product?

Dot Products in Physics
Consider this situation:
A force F is applied to a moving object as it
transverses over a frictionless surface for a
displacement, d.
As F is applied to the object it will
increase the object's speed!

But which part of F really causes

the object to increase in speed?
It is |F|Cos θ ! Because it is parallel to the displacement d.
In fact if you apply the dot product, you get (|F|Cos θ) . d, which happens
to be defined as "WORK“.

A  B  A B cos  Work is a type of energy and energy DOES

NOT have a direction, that is why WORK is a
W  F  x  F x cos  scalar or in this case a SCALAR PRODUCT .
The “Cross” Product (Vector
Multiplication)
 Multiplying 2 vectors sometimes gives you a VECTOR quantity
which we call the VECTOR CROSS PRODUCT.

In polar notation consider 2 vectors:

A = |A| < θ1 & B = |B| < θ2
 A
The cross product between A and B B
produces a VECTOR quantity. The
magnitude of the vector product is
defined as:

Where  is the NET angle between

the two vectors. As shown in the figure.
The Vector Cross Product
 A
B

A  B  A B sin   12 5 sin 150

A  B  30kˆ What about the direction? Positive k-hat?
We can use what is called the RIGHT HAND
THUMB RULE.
•Fingers are the first vector, A
•Palm is the second vector, B
•Thumb is the direction of the cross product.
•Cross your fingers, A, towards, B so that they
CURL.
•The direction it moves will be either clockwise
(NEGATIVE) or counter clockwise (POSITIVE)

In our example, the thumb points OUTWARD which is the Z-axis and thus our
answer would be 30 k-hat since the curl moves counter clockwise.
Cross Products and Unit
Vectors
 The cross product between B and A
produces a VECTOR of which a 3x3
matrix is need to evaluate the
magnitude and direction.

iˆ ˆj kˆ  You start by making a 3x3

matrix with 3 columns, one
for i, j, & k-hat.
B  A  Bx By Bz  The components then go
under each appropriate
Ax Ay Az column.

Since B is the first vector it comes first in the matrix

Cross Products and Unit Vectors
iˆ ˆj kˆ You then make an X in the columns
OTHER THAN the unit vectors you
are working with.
B  A  Bx By Bz •For “i” , cross j x k
•For “j” , cross i x k
Ax Ay Az •For “k” , cross i x j

Let’s start with the i-hat vector: We cross j x k iˆ  ( B y Az )  ( Bz Ay )

Now the j-hat vector: We cross i x k

ˆj  ( Bz Ax )  ( Bx Az )

Now the k-hat vector: We cross i x j kˆ  ( Bx Ay )  ( B y Ax )

Example

Let’s start with the i-hat vector: We cross j x k iˆ  (4)(5)  (6)(4)  44

Now the j-hat vector: We cross i x k ˆj  (6)(3)  (2)(5)  8

Now the k-hat vector: We cross i x j kˆ  (2)(4)  (4)(3)  20

The final answer would be: B  A  44iˆ  8 ˆj  20kˆ

Exercise
• A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters
north. Frustrated, he wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters
south. Calculate the bear's displacement.
Answer
• A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters north. Frustrated, he
wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters south. Calculate the bear's displacement.
23 m, E
- =
12 m, W

6 m, S - =
14 m, N
20 m, N
R  14 2  232  26.93m
14
35 m, E Tan    .6087
23
R 14 m, N   Tan 1 (0.6087)  31.3

26.93m @ 31.3 NofE
23 m, E
The Final Answer: 26.93m  31.3
23iˆ m  14 ˆj m
Exercise
• A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South of East.
Calculate the plane's horizontal and vertical velocity components.
Answer
 A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South of East.
Calculate the plane's horizontal and vertical velocity components.

adjacent side opposite side

cosine  sine 
H.C. =?
hypotenuse hypotenuse
adj  hyp cos  opp  hyp sin 
32
V.C. = ?

63.5 m/s adj  H .C.  63.5 cos 32  53.85 m / s, E or 53.85iˆ

opp  V .C.  63.5 sin 32  33.64 m / s, S or  33.64 ˆj
2-D Velocity
The critical difference between speed and velocity:
 Consider a race car. It completes 200 laps at 5.0 km
each in 2.75 hours. Its average speed is 1000 km/2.75
hr = 264 km/hr.
 What is its average velocity?
2-D Velocity
• Its displacement is zero (the race both starts and ends at
the start-finish line). Then zero divided by any amount of
time yields a magnitude of zero for the average velocity.
• What is its average velocity?
• Answer: Zero magnitude; pick a direction.
2-D Acceleration
• A truck travels east at 12 m/s. Following a bend in the
road, the truck turns so that it is headed north, still at 12
m/s. The truck spends 8.0 s.
• What is its average acceleration?
2-D Acceleration
• From the definition of
acceleration:  v1  v0
a y
t (north)

• Having obtained v1 - v0, we need -V0

to multiply that vector by the
V1
scalar 1/t to obtain a: V1 – V0
a
q

a
2 2
v1  v0

12 m/s2  12 m/s2 V0
x
t 8.0 s (east)

a  2.1 m/s 2
2-D Acceleration
• The direction of a is the same as the direction of v1 - v0.
Since the magnitudes of v1 and v0 are equal, we can write
v0 y

tan    1 (north)

v1 -V0

  arctan1  45 V1
a
V1 – V0 q

So, the average acceleration is V0

2.1 m/s2, 45° west of north. x

(east)

Note that the speed did not change – only the direction.
Projectile Motion
• A projectile is something that
is launched or thrown.
• In most cases, the projectile
experiences a negative vertical
acceleration (g, due to gravity).
• Assuming we can ignore
resistance due to the air, the v0y
v0
projectile experiences zero
horizontal acceleration.
• Its horizontal velocity is v0x
constant.
Projectile Motion: Example
• The golfer launched his ball with an initial velocity
of 45 m/s, 31° above the horizontal. We will
analyze the flight of the ball to determine:
What is the total time the ball will be in the air?
How far will the ball “carry” over level ground?
How high above the ground will the ball reach at its
highest point?
Projectile Motion: Example
y
• Initial velocity in horizontal and
vertical components:

v0 x  v0 cos
v0 y  v0 sin 
v0

• During the time the ball takes to q

v0y

rise vertically, stop vertically, 30

and fall vertically back to the v0x

ground, the ball moves x
horizontally with constant
velocity.
Projectile Motion: Example
• Vertically, the ball obeys the first kinematic equation:

v  v0  at
• In our case, the initial vertical velocity is:
v0 y  v0 sin 
• The acceleration is downward: g, the acceleration due to
gravity, we rewrite the first kinematic equation:

v y  v0 y  gt  v0 sin   gt
Projectile Motion: Example
• Its vertical travel is symmetric: it rises for half the time
of flight, and falls for half the time.
• So, we can rewrite our kinematic equation for the
upward travel by setting the final (y) velocity to zero:
1  1 
v y  v0 y  g  t   v0 sin   g  t   0
2  2 
• Solving for t, the total time of flight:
1  g
v0 sin   g  t   0  t  v0 sin 
2  2
2v0 sin  245 m/ssin 31
t  2
 4.730 s
g 9.8 m/s
Projectile Motion: Example
• The ball’s horizontal motion is governed by 1
another kinematic equation: x  v0t  at 2
2
• In the horizontal, however, the acceleration is
zero, and the initial velocity is: v0 x  v0 cos
so we can rewrite our equation:
x  v0 cos  t  45 m/s cos 314.730 s   182 m
• Maximum height: y  v t  1 gt 2
0y
2
• Notice that the initial y velocity is zero:
2
1 1  4.730 
y   gt 2   9.8 m/s2  s   27 m
2 2  2 
For t here, used a half of the total time of flight.
Projectile Trajectory • Total time of flight: 4.730 s
trajectory
• Horizontal motion: 182 m
• Maximum height: 27 m
30

25

20
y, m

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x, m
 Projectile Motion: Zero Launch Angle

• In this case, the initial velocity in the y-direction is

zero. Here are the equations of motion, with x0 = 0
and y0 = h:
 Projectile Motion: Zero Launch Angle
• Eliminating t and solving for y as a function of x:

• This has the form y = a + bx2, which is the equation

of a parabola.
• The landing point can be found by setting y = 0 and
solving for x:
Projectile Motion: General Launch Angle

In general, v0x = v0 cos θ and v0y = v0 sin θ

This gives the equations of motion:
 Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics
• Range: the horizontal distance a projectile travels

• The range is a maximum

when θ = 45°
Exercise
• A skateboarder rolls down a 12 m ramp, reaching
a speed of 7.7 m/s at the bottom.
• What is his/her average acceleration?
Answer
• Tilt the x-axis to point down the slope
Exercise
• If  = 25o, what is the acceleration parallel to the ground?

Answer:
• Acceleration parallel to ground
Exercise
• A spacecraft is travelling with a velocity of v0x =
5480 m/s along the +x direction. Two engines are
fired for 842 seconds.

• Find vx, vy and final speed.

Answer
• Acceleration in x direction give:

• Acceleration in y direction give:

• Final speed:
Exercise
• A person walks 0.5 km east, 0.75 km south and 2.15 km at
35o north of west in 2.5 h.
• Find the displacement from the starting point and average
velocity.
Answer
Exercise
• A pirate ship is 560 m from a fort defending the harbor
entrance of an island. A defense cannon, located at sea
level, fires balls at initial speed v0 = 82 m/s.
• At what angle,  from the horizontal must a ball be fired to
hit the ship?
Answer
• x = vox t = vo cos  t

Subtitute to: x = vo cos  t

• h = y – yo = 0
• so,

This called Range.

Answer

= 0.816

Final answer:  = 27o or 63o

Exercise
• Consider a zero launch angle as in figure.
Suppose h = 1 m, vox = 2 m/s,  = 0.
• Find:
• The range, X
• The final velocity, vf
Answer