Demo Class

(Inorganic Chemistry)
Danish Hanif
(MS BIOCHEMISTRY)
 Redox Reaction
• Oxidation and Reduction if happen
simultaneously, it is said to be a redox
reaction.
• For example:
• Na(+) + Cl (-) NaCl
• Sodium Reduced
• Chlorine Oxidized
Approaches to Understand Oxidation and
Reduction
• In terms of Oxygen:
• Oxidation is gain of oxygen; while
• Reduction is loss of oxygen.
• Example:
• CuO + 3Al Al2O3+ Cu
 2- In terms of Hydrogen
• Oxidation: Loss of Hydrogen;
• Reduction: Gain of Hydrogen.
• H2S+ Cl

• S+ HCl
• Sulphur is Oxidized,
• While, Cl is reduced.
3-In terms of Gain and Loss of Electrons

• Oxidation: Loss of Electrons;

• Reduction: Gain of Electrons
• Mg +Cl2 MgCl2
• Mg Mg+2 (Oxidized)
• Cl Cl- (Reduced)
4- In Terms of Change in Oxidation State

• Oxidation state: The charge on an atom of an

element when existed as ion in a compound:
• Na+Cl-
• Mg+2 Cl2-
• Increase in Oxidation state: Oxidation
• Decrease in Oxidation state: Reduction
• Cl2 + 2Br- 2Cl- + Br2
• 0 -1 -1 0
• Chlorine reduced
• Bromine Oxidized
 RECAP
• REDOX REACTION:
• OXIDATION & REDUCTION
• OXYGEN

Electrons HYDROGEN

Oxidation State
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Friedal Crafts Alkylation
 Friedal Crafts Alkylation
• A Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is an electrophilic
aromatic substitution reaction in which a carbocation is
attacked by a pi bond from an aromatic ring with the net
result that one of the aromatic protons is replaced by an
alkyl group. If you prefer, you may regard these reactions
as involving an attack by an aromatic ring on a
carbocation.
• Friedel-Crafts Alkylation was first discovered by French
scientist Charles Friedel and his partner, American
scientist James Crafts, in 1877. This reaction allowed for
the formation of alkyl benzenes from alkyl halides
 Friedel Crafts Alkylation
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
The mechanism takes place as follows:
• The reactivity of halo alkanes increases as you
move up the periodic table and increase polarity.
• This means that an RF halo alkane is most
reactive followed by RCl then RBr and finally
RI. 
• Some limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
• Limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
• Carbocation Rearrangement – Only certain alkyl benzenes can be
made due to the tendency of cations to rearrange.
• Compound Limitations – Friedel-Crafts fails when used with
compounds such as nitrobenzene and other strong deactivating
systems.
• Polyalkylation – Products of Friedel-Crafts are even more reactive
than starting material. Alkyl groups produced in Friedel-Crafts
Alkylation are electron-donating substituents meaning that the
products are more susceptible to electrophilic attack than what we
began with. For synthetic purposes, this is a big dissapointment.
• THANKS