Electrical Machine - l

Abdullahi Mohamed Isak

M.Sc. In Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Necmettin Erbakan University (NEÜ)

B.Sc. In Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering major in Power

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Email: engabdalla2018@gmail.com | Abdullahi.mohamed9@just.edu.so

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 INDUCTION MOTORS
• From last week, we discussed different types of DC machines (motors\generators)
• Now!
• The question is do we insist on using DC, which requires the use of additional hardware
to rectify and regulate the DC supplies?
• Or
• Should we consider using AC, which is more convenient as it is readily available in single
or multi-phase form.

• The answer to this question is yes we should consider using AC.

• Then we should consider AC machines, and study their
 Basic operation (that is synchronous and induction),
 Advantages and disadvantages, in comparison with direct-current machines.

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
Classification of Motors

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 Structure
The stator is the outside stationary part of the motor.
The rotor is the inner rotating part.
In the animation:
 Red represents a magnet or winding with a North
polarization,
 Green represents a magnet or winding with a South
polarization.
 Opposite, red and green, polarities attract. brushless dc

Operation
 As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move across the
commutator contacts and energize the next winding.
 In the animation:
 The commutator contacts are brown,
 The brushes are dark grey.
 A yellow spark shows when the brushes switch to the next winding.

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
Why induction motor (IM)?
–Robust; No brushes. No contacts on rotor shaft
–High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc motor
–Lower Cost/Power
–Easy to manufacture
–Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and other
mechanical parts
•Disadvantages
–Essentially a “fixed-speed” machine
–Speed is determined by the supply frequency
–To vary its speed need a variable frequency supply
Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)
Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 Applications of Induction Motors
• Induction motors are the most frequently-used type of motor used in residential, commercial,
and industrial settings so far. Induction motors are also called Asynchronous Motors.
• Two types of Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor
• Three-Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase induction motors are used in low power applications. These motors are
widely used in domestic and industrial applications. Some of the applications are
mentioned below:
• Pumps, Compressors, Small fans, Mixers, Toys, High speed vacuum cleaners, Electric
shavers, Drilling machines
• Three-phase induction motors are used extensively in domestic and industrial appliances
because these are rugged in construction requiring little to no maintenance, comparatively
cheaper, and require supply only to the stator. Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor
include:
• Lifts, Cranes, Hoists, Large capacity exhaust fans, Driving lathe machines, Crushers, Oil
extracting mills, Textile and etc.
Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)
Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
INDUCTION MACHINES CONSTRUCTION
Just Like dc Machines, Induction Machines also consist of
Stator, and
Rotor.

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 The Stator:

 The outer stationary steel frame enclosing a hollow, cylindrical core.

 A large number of circular silicon steel laminations with slots cut in the inner
circumference.
 Three phase windings mutually displaced by 120 are wound in these slots.
 The greater the number of poles, the lesser is the speed and vice-versa.
 Three phase supply induces rotating magnetic field.
 Air gap between the stator and rotor ranges 0.4mm to 4mm, determines the
power of the motor

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 The Rotor is the inner rotating section
• There are basically 2 types of rotor construction:
• a) Squirrel Cage - no windings and no slip rings
• b) Wound rotor - It has 3 phase windings, usually Y connected, and the winding ends are
connected via slip rings.

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 The Development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor
• When current flows in the stator, it will produce a magnetic field in stator as such that Bs (stator magnetic
field) will rotate at a speed:

• Where fe is the system frequency in hertz and P is the number of poles in the machine. This rotating magnetic
field Bs passes over the rotor bars and induces a voltage in them. The voltage induced in the rotor is given by:

eind = (v x B) l

• Hence there will be rotor current flow which would be lagging due to the fact that the rotor has an inductive
element. And this rotor current will produce a magnetic field at the rotor, Br. Hence the interaction between
both magnetic field would give torque:

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 The Concept of Rotor Slip
• The induced voltage at the rotor bar is dependent upon the relative speed between the stator magnetic
field and the rotor. This can be easily termed as slip speed:

• Where nslip = slip speed of the machine

nsync = speed of the magnetic field.
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor.
• Apart from that we can describe this relative motion by using the concept of slip:

• Slip may also be described in terms of angular velocity, w.

• Using the ratio of slip, we may also determine the rotor speed:

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
• An induction motor is similar to a rotating transformer where the primary is similar to the stator and
the secondary would be a rotor. But unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency may not be the same as
in the primary.
• If the rotor is locked (cannot move), the rotor would have the same frequency as the stator (refer to
transformer concept).
• Since

And rotor frequency may be expressed as:

Hence combing both equations would give:

And since nsync=120fe / P,

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
 Example 6.1 314

• A 208V, 10hp, 4 pole, 60Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-load slip of 5%.
• (a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
• (b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?
• (c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?
• (d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load?

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak