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Q.1 The port and helix metering pump used in diesel

injection systems are usually designed to produce a
constant beginning and variable ending of injection.
These pumps are usually
Ans. 1. timed for port closing and are controlled by the
rack movement.
In helix controlled pump, when the plunger is moving upwards and
the plunger top closes the suction port in the barrel, the further
movement of plunger upwards will create a hydraulic pressure on
top of the plunger which will cause the fuel valve to open and fuel
injection starts. Thus the fuel injection starts when the plunger
closes the ports. At the end of injection even the port is covered by
the plunger which is connected with the discharge side of plunger
by means of helix and that terminates the delivery. The quantity of
the fuel depending upon the load of the engine will depend upon the
variable end of the delivery. The later the end of delivery, more is the
fuel injected. This is controlled by the rack which controls
the position of the plunger helix with respect to the suction
port on the barrel thus it controls the quantity of the fuel
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injected.
Q.2 The end of injection in a port and helix metering
pump is controlled by
Ans.2. short cycling or connecting the delivery ports
with the suction ports in the barrel.
When the piston is upwards and it has already covered the
suction port the fuel is being injected. As it is moving
upward, a time comes because of the helix cut on the
plunger surface which short-circuits the discharge side of
the pump with that of suction side and it will cause the end
of the delivery. Hence the combination of helix, which is
cut, and the suction port will decide quantity and point of
termination of fuel injection. The position of helix with the
port cut in the barrel will be decided by the rack position
which will rotate the fuel pump plunger with that of the
barrel.

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Q.3 In a jerk pump, the amount of fuel that is forced
through the spray nozzle on each upward stroke
depends on
Ans. 3. how the plunger is rotated.
In a jerk type fuel injection pump, the quantity of fuel delivered by the
injector into the combustion chamber will depend on the effective
delivery stroke i.e. the beginning of the delivery stroke is mostly
constant and the end of the delivery stroke is responsible for the
quantity of the fuel which is delivered. The quantity of fuel delivered will
depend on the load of the engine. Hence more the load more fuel is
required and vice-versa. Under such circumstances, it is the plunger
which is rotated by means of rack connected to the governor. Due to
the position of governor, the rack position changes depending upon the
load on the engine. As the rack position changes the rack will make the
plunger to rotate with respect to the barrel and under such
circumstances the helix which is cut on the plunger surface will change
its position with respect to the suction port on the barrel. This relative
position of the helix to the plunger surface with respect the
suction hole on the barrel will decide quantity of fuel injected
which decides by the termination of the delivery stroke of
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plunger of fuel pump.
Q.4 The amount of fuel oil delivered by the fuel injector
is controlled by the

Ans. 4. rack position.

Unit type of fuel injector pump is nothing but a jerk type of
fuel pump and a fuel injector together. Hence whatever is
applicable to the jerk type of fuel pump is applicable to the
unit type of system. In unit injector, it is the rack position
which will control the position of helix on the plunger with
respect to the suction hole on the barrel. Hence the
quantity of the fuel decided by the position of the rack
which will decide the position of helix on plunger surface
with that of suction port on the barrel.

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Q.5 The purpose of delivery check valve used in the
diesel engine fuel injection jerk pump is to
(a) assist in quick cut-off of fuel injection .
(b) prevent fuel oil backflow from the injection pump.

Ans. 5. prevent fuel oil flow from the injection pump.

Quick cutting off of the fuel injection is carried out with the
help of seal valve or the helix cut on the side of the fuel
injector pump. Hence the delivery valve will not come into
picture. Delivery valve will only prevent the backflow of the
fuel from the fuel pump and fuel valve into the suction side
of the fuel injection pump.

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Q.6 Fuel control on a diesel engine is accomplished by
Ans. 6. rotating the fuel injector pump plunger.
By rotating the fuel injector pump plunger, the effective
delivery of the pump is changed. This means the total time
at which the fuel is injected and the total quantity of fuel
injected will automatically depend upon the helix position
on the fuel pump plunger surface with that of the fuel
pump suction port. This position can be changed by
rotating the plunger by means of rack and pinion
arrangement. This rack is controlled by the governor which
is controlled by the load of the engine.

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Q.7 The amount of fuel injected into cylinder by unit
injector is controlled by

Ans. 7. metering helix.

Metering helix will control the end of fuel injection and thus
it will determine the effective delivery stroke of the plunger.
This is possible by having a proper angular relation
between the helix on the plunger surface and the suction
ports. This is possible by rotating the plunger with respect
to the barrel by use of rack and pinion arrangement. The
position of rack is controlled by the governor.

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Q.8 The amount of fuel delivered in each cycle must be
in accordance with engine load and the same quantity
of fuel must be delivered to each cylinder for each
power stroke as the load. How is this achieved?

Ans. 8.By accurate metering

The complete fuel delivered to the engine will depend on the
load. Hence for particular load particular amount of fuel
has to be burnt in the engine. At the same time, the total
fuel given to the engine must be distributed equally to the
units so that all cylinders will produce equal power for the
balancing of the engine. This two process requires a proper
quantity of fuel to be measured and delivered equally.
Hence this process is called metering.

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Q.9 The effective pump stroke of a port and helix fuel
injection pump is determined by

Ans. 9. plunger control rack position.

The rack position will determine the position of the plunger
helix with respect to the suction port of the barrel. This
angular position will determine the quantity and time for
which the fuel is injected. Hence more the quantity of fuel
more the load and lesser the fuel lower the load. The time
for which the fuel is actually injected into the cylinder is
called effective delivery stroke of the plunger which is
decided by the helix position and the position of plunger
with respect to the barrel.

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Q.10 Air may be bled from fuel system by

Ans. 10. loosening the compression nut at the injector

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Q.11 If fuel injection occurs too early the diesel engine
will lose power because of

Ans. 11. ignition will be delayed due to low compression

pressure
Early fuel injection is better for the proper combustion of
fuel as we derive more power, high peak pressures, and low
exhaust temperature. If the fuel is injected too early, the
compression pressure and the temperature of the air is not
sufficiently high enough. The fuel will only get accumulated
and it will not catch fire immediately due to which knocking
will take place and since the fuel will not burn properly
there will be loss of power. Hence the timing should be
properly adjusted it should not be too early or too late.

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Q.12 Which of the condition listed below would cause
simultaneous high cylinder pressure and low exhaust
temperature?

Ans. 12. Excessively early injection timing

Earlier the injection more is the pressure developed. If the
injection is too early the pressure developed will be
excessively high and there is a possibility that the relief
valve on the cylinder head will get lifted up to relieve the
pressure. Also early fuel injection will result in high
maximum cylinder pressure but the exhaust temperature
will be low.

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Q.13 Between the periods of injection and ignition of a
fuel a diesel engine crankshaft rotates through the
Ans. 13. delay period.The time between the injection and
ignition is called delay period. This delay period is caused
because as the fuel enters the combustion space, it takes
some time for it to mix up with the hot compressed air and
evaporate and to form a combustible mixture. Hence it is
not possible to ignite the fuel at the instant it enters the
cylinder, but it takes some time and by the time this delay
period is lapsed, the combustion space is filled with
thorough mixture of air and fuel so that the combustion
can take place efficiently. This delay period depends on the
quality of the fuel. If the fuel is of inferior quality the
ignition delay increases. If the fuel is of superior quality the
ignition delay is reduced. If the delay period is excessively
high there is a possibility of knocking as well as
afterburning and loss of power.
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