DISASTER READINESS AND

RISK REDUCTION
Senior High School S/Y 2020 - 2021
Course Outline
 Disaster and Disaster Risk
 Exposure and Vulnerability
 Basic Concept of Hazard
 Earthquake Hazard
 Volcanic Hazards
 Other Related Geological Hazard
 Hydrometeorological Hazard
 Fire Hazard
 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
 What to expect from the State and the Citizen
 Chapter
DISASTER AND 1
DISASTER RISK
Disaster
 A sudden, calamitous event, bringing
great damage loss, destruction and
devastation to life and property.
 A serious disruption of the functioning
of society, causing widespread
human, material, or environment
losses, which exceed the ability of the
affected people to cope, using their
human resources.
How and When an Event Becomes
a Disaster?

 An event, either human –made or

natural, becomes a disaster when it is
sudden or progressive, causing
widespread human, material or
environmental losses.
Typhoon Yolanda
 Strength
290km/hour
 The storm surge
it brought was
sudden and
unexpected
 Its devastating
effect to human,
material, and
environment.
 More than 7000
people perished
 The entire city of
Tacloban was
flattened
Wow wowie Stampede
 The show became so
popular that thousand
of fans flock to ULTRA
to watch the noon time
show. That turned out
to disastrous tragedy
when there was a
human – induced
disturbance among
the watching crowd
that cause a
stampede. Many
spectators were hurt
and some even died
which led to the
dissolution of said TV
program.
Typhoon Ondoy
 Typhoon Ondoy
turned into a disaster
because
of the amount of
precipitation by
its
brought
torrential rains that
lasted for several days
causing floods and flash
floods in Metro Manila.
 Thousands of houses
were submerge in flood
water. Hundreds
shelters of along
banks and river were
steros out. Power
washed
and water supplies
were
off for several
cut weeks.
Hundreds of lives
perished
Disaster Risk
 The that a
probability
structure or geographiccommunity’s
area is to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a
particular hazard, on account of its nature,
construction and proximity to a hazardous
area.
 It signifies the possibility of adverse effects
in the future. It is derived from the
interaction of social and environmental
process, from the combination of physical
hazards and the vulnerability of exposed
Nature of Disasters
 Natural Disasters –
These originate from the
different ‘forces’
nature of
disasters . Natural
earthquakes, such as
volcanic
eruptions,
and cyclonestyphoons,
affect
many countries in Asia
particularly
the Philippines
 Human – made– These disaster occur
due to people’sactions against human,
material and These include
environment. and
transport industrial accidents, such as
crashes, chemical
air spills,
andand building collapses.
train
Terrorism is also categorized as human – made
disaster.
Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster
 Agricultural disease and pests
 Storm surge
 Drought and water shortage
 Earthquakes
 Hurricanes and tropical storm
 Landslide and debris flow
 Thunder storm and lightning
 Tornadoes
 Tsunamis
 Wildfires
 Sinkholes
 Emergency disease
 Extreme heat
 Floods and flash floods
 La Niña
Exposed to Natural Hazard

Areas/ Location Exposed to:

Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami, tidal waves
Reclaimed Areas Flooding , sinkhole
Near Fault lines Earthquake
On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/landslide
Near volcanoes Volcanic eruptions
River banks and esteros Flooding, flash floods
Open field Thunderstorm, hailstorm, blizzard
Exposed to Man – made Hazard

Areas/ Location Exposed to:

Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution
Near Mining Projects Toxic waste
Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical waste
Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste
Near factories Factory waste, Pollution
Unsafe building structures Fire
Public Places in Mega Cities Terrorism
Human – Made and technological Types of
Disasters
 Hazardous material
 Power service and disruption and blackout
 Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
 Radiological emergencies
 Chemical threat and biological weapons
 Cyber attacks
 Explosion
 Civil unrest
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
 Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
 Severity of Exposure
–
The amount of exposure to the disaster
is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At highest risk are those that
go through the disaster themselves.
Next are those in close contact with
victims. At lower risk of lasting impact
are those who only had indirect
exposure, such as news of the severe
damage.
 Gender and Family
Disaster recovery is more stressful when
children are present in the home. Women
with spouses also experience more distress
during recovery. Having a family member in
the home who is extremely distressed is
related to more stress for everyone. Marital
stress has been found to increase after
disasters. Also,conflicts between family
members or lack of support in the home
make it harder to recover from disasters.
 Age
Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are
likely to be more distressed after disasters.
The thinking is that if one is in that age
range, he / she has more demands from job
and family. Research on how children react
to natural disasters is still limited at this point
in tie. In general, children show more severe
distress after disasters than adults do.
Higher stress in the parents is related to
worse recovery in children.
 Other factors specific to the survivor
Several factors related to a survivor’s background and
resources are important for recovery from disasters.
Recovery is worse if survivors:
 Were not functioning well before the disaster
 Have had no experience dealing with disasters
 Must deal with other stressor after the disaster
 Have poor self – esteem
 Think they are uncared by others
 Think they have little control over what happens to
them
 Lack the capacity to manage stress
Other factors have also been found to
predict worse outcomes:

 Bereavement (death of someone close)

 Injury to self or another family member
 Life threat
 Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
 Being separated from family (especially among youth)
 Great loss of property
 Displacement ( being force to leave home)
 Developing Countries
There is a strong body of evidence that
these risk factors can be made worse if
the disaster occurs in a
country. Disasters developing in
countries, like Philippines, developing
have more
severe mental health impact than
disasters in developed countries. This
is true even with less serious disasters.
 Low or Negative social support
The support of others can be both a
risk and a resilience factor. Social
support can weaken after disasters.
This may be due to stress and the need
for members of the support network to
get on with their own lives.
 EFFECTS OF NATURAL
DISASTERS ON HUMAN
LIFE
 Displaced Populations
 When Mt. Pinatubo
erupted in 1991,
thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga
were displaced. Their
communities were
ravaged by lahar flow that
turned these
communities into
“wilderness”
Health Risk
Severe
flooding can
result in
stagnant
water that
allows
breeding
of
waterborne
bacteria
and
malaria
carrying
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever is
another serious
health problem
Food Scarcity
 After natural
disasters, food often
becomes scarce.
Thousands of people
around the world go
hungry as a result of
destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural
supplies, whether it
happens suddenly in
a storm or gradually
in a drought.
Emotional Aftershocks

•  Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children.

Confronted with scenes

of destruction and the

deaths of friends and
loved ones,
children develop post
many
– traumatic stress
disorder
(PTSD), a serious
psychological
resulting from condition
trauma. extreme
 Disaster from Different
Perspective
Disaster is analyzed from different perspective as
follows:
Physical Perspective
 Exposure and Vulnerability

Chapter 2
DISASTER
READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
Vulnerability
• It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard

• Factors of Vulnerability
Demographic Factors
Population Density
Age of Population
Distribution of Population
 Dealing with After - Effects
Insurance Cover
Emergency Personnel
Aid Request

Socio – economic Factors

Wealth
Education
Nature of Society
Understanding of the area

Community Preparedness
Building codes
Scientific monitoring and early warning system
Communication networks
Emergency Planning
4 types of
Vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability
It may be determined by aspects such as population
density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site design and
materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing United
Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).

Social Vulnerability
refers inability of people, organization and
societies
to to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to
characteristics
the inherent in social interactions, institutions and
system of cultural values.
4 types of
Vulnerability
Economic Vulnerability
The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
economics status of individuals, communities and nations. The
poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack
the resources to build sturdy structures and put other
engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being
negatively impacted by disaster.

Environmental Vulnerability
Natural resources depletion and resource degradation are
key aspects of environmental vulnerability
Elements Exposed to
Hazard
Exposure refers to the element at risk from a natural or man –
made hazard event.

• Human beings;
• Dwellings or households and communities;
• Building structures;
• Public facilities and infrastructure assets;
• Public transport system;
• Agricultural commodities; and
• Environmental assets
Quantifying Vulnerability
• It is used in estimating how much mitigation and
preparedness measures will be applied.
• Based on data about the interesting of the previous hazard
events and severity of their effects.
• It can be expressed as:
1 – lowest degree of vulnerability
2 – highest degree
People: Ratio of casualties / injured to the total population
Buildings: Expressed as a repair cost or degree of damage
Risk Factors
• Risk signifies the possibility of adverse
effects in the future. It is derived from the
interaction of social and environmental
processes, from the combination of physical
hazards and the vulnerabilities of exposed
elements.
 Triagram of Disaster Risk

Earthquake
Tsunami Engineering
Floods Economic
Cyclones Social
Bushfires
Landslides
Volcanoes
RISK
Exposure
People
Buildings Business
Infrastructure

Risk = Hazard x Exposure x

Vulnerability
Capacity
Philippine Exposure and
Vulnerabilities to Natural
Disaster
• 8 out of 10 cities
most exposed to natural
hazards are in the
Philippines.
(Philippine Star, 2014)
• Study also found that
the 100 cities with the
of
greatest exposure to
natural hazard, 21 are in
the Philippines, 16 in
China, 11 in Japan and 8
in Bangladesh
10 World Cities Most at
Risk
1. Port Villa in Vanuatu
2. Tuguegarao in Cagayan
3. Lucena in Quezon
4. Manila
5. San Fernando Pampanga
6. Cabanatuan in Nueva Ecija
7. Batangas
8. Taipei
9. San Carlos , Pangasinan
10. Naga in Camarines sur
Philippine Vulnerability to
Natural Disaster
• The Philippines lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we are
visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year.
• The rugged nature of our landscape makes our communities
very vulnerable to landslides, mudflows and other disasters.
• The Philippines is an archipelagic country with many small
island.
• Many of our areas are also at below sea level
• With one of the longest in the world at 32,400 km, we
have many areas that are vulnerable to storm surges.
• The Philippines is still a primary agricultural and fishing
economy.
Philippine Vulnerability to
Natural Disaster
• Natural hazard risk is compounded in the Philippines by
poor institutional and social capacity to mange, respond
and recover from natural hazard events.
• The Philippines is considered “high risk” in terms of the
country’s ability to manage and mitigate the impacts of
natural hazard and in part due to ‘entrenched corruption
and high levels of poverty’.
• Aside from being at risk to typhoons, the Philippines is
also at risk to volcanic, quakes and floods.
• Facts about the are before and after the disaster
• What caused the disaster?
• When and where did the disaster took place?
• How extensive was the area affected?
• Was the cause of the disaster forecasted or predicted?
• Were there warning issued?
• How did the people react to the warning?
• How many lives were lost?
• How many were injured and missing?
• Quantify it in terms of peso
• What could have prevented the lost of many lives
BASIC
CONCEPT OF
HAZARD
CHAPTER 3
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND READINESS
HAZARD
• Elements of the physical environment, harmful
to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.
• A source of potential harm or situation with a
potential to cause loss
• A natural event that has the potential to cause a
harm or loss
• A phenomenon or situation, which has the
potential to cause the disruption or damage to
people, their services and their environment
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
HAZARD
1. Natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods
arise from purely natural processes in the
environment.
2. Quasi – natural hazard such as smog or
desertification that arise through the interaction
of natural processes and human activity.
3. Technological (or human – made) hazards such
as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural
lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from
chemical laboratories or radiation from a
nuclear plant. These arise directly as a result of
human activities.
TYPES OF HAZARD
Atmospheric

(Single Element) (Combined Element)

Excess Rainfall Hurricanes
Freezing Rain (Glaze) Glaze storm
Hail Thunderstorm
Heavy Snow Falls Blizzard
High wind speeds Tornadoes
Extreme Temperature Heat/Cold Stress
TYPES OF HAZARD
Hydrologic
• Floods
• Wave Action
• Drought
• Rapid glacier advance
Geologic
• Mass movement (Landslides, Mudslides,
Avalanche)
• Tsunami
• Earthquake
• Volcanic Eruption
• Rapid sediment movement
TYPES OF HAZARD
Biologic
• Epidemic in humans, plants, animals
• Locusts

Technologic
• Transportation accident
• Industrial explosions and fire
• Accidental release of toxic elements
• Nuclear accidents
• Collapse of public buildings
• Cyber Terrorism
IMPACTS OF VARIOUS ON DIFFERENT
EXPOSED ELEMENTS
According to the International Center for
integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) the
impacts of various hazards vary in severity and vary in
regard to how long they last. In many ways wealth and
development assist in the way people recover from
hazards. A more economically developed country can
prepare for and predict hazards more effectively and
they have more resources to support a faster recovery.
However there is also a need for resilience. In many
developing countries people who experienced
hardship can often recover more quickly from hazard
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Physical
• Death of People
• Destruction and loss of
• like
vital infrastructure
transport system , roads,
bridges, power, lines and
communication lines.
• Wide spread loss of
housing
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Psychological impact
• Grief and psychological
trauma
• Marital conflicts
• Depression due to loss
of loved ones and
properties
• Chronic anxiety among
children
severely affected
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Socio – Cultural Impact
• Displacement of
population
• Loss of
• Cultural
Forced of new
Identity
adoption sets of
culture
• Ethnic conflicts
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Economic Impact
• Loss of job due to
displacement
• Loss of harvest and
livestock
• Loss of farms, fish cages,
and other sources of
living
• Loss of money and other
valuables like jewelries,
furniture and appliances
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Environmental Impact
• Loss of forest due to
forest fires
• Loss of fresh water due
to salination (intrusion of
salt water to fresh water
sources)
• Disturbance
of biodiversity
• Loss of natural rivers and
other tributaries
COMMON LONG TERM IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARD
Biological Impact
• Epidemic to people, flora
and fauna
• Chronic and permanent
illness due to nuclear
radiation
• Mental disorder developed
from consumption of
contaminated foods
• Proliferationof different
viral and bacterial
diseases
 An earthquake (also known as a quake,
tremor or temblor) is the perceptible
shaking of the surface of the Earth,
resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
 Geologist explains that an earthquake
is a type of hazard that depends on the
strength of seismic activity, along with such
factors as local topographic and built
features, subsurface geology and
groundwater. A large earthquake will always
be followed by a sequence of aftershocks
that normally aggravates its effect on human
and material elements like buildings and
infrastructure.
1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion
 The earth shakes with the passage of earthquake
waves, which radiate energy that had been “stored” in
stressed rocks, and were released when a fault broke
and the rocks slipped to relieve the pent – up stress
 If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking
intensity, structures like buildings, bridges, and dams
can be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping
ground destabilized. Perched or stacked object may
fall and injure or bury anyone close by.
 Ground shaking will vary over an area due to such
factors as topography, bedrock type, and the location
and orientation of the fault rupture.
2. Ground or Surface Rupture
 Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface
when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of
being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip
past each other.
 Normal – and reverse – (collectively called dip –
slip) faulting surface ruptures feature vertical
offsets while strike – slip faulting produces lateral
offsets. Many earthquake surface ruptures are
combinations of both. Structures that span a
surface fault are likely to suffer great damage
surface ruptures
3. Liquefaction
 Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake
shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occur in
saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space
between the individual particles is completely filled with
water.
 Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively
low – the weight of the buried soil rests on the
framework of grain contacts that comprise it.
 However, earthquake shaking can disrupt the structure,
the soil particles no longer support and all the weight,
and the groundwater pressure begins to rise.
 The soil particles can move farther, and
become entrained in the water – the soil
flows. Liquefied soil will force open ground
cracks in order to escape to the surface.
The ejected material often results in
flooding and may leave cavities in the soil
4. Earthquake – induced ground subsidence and lateral
spreading
 Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often
occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to
downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault,
and can sometimes affect a huge area of land. Coastal
areas can become permanently flooded as a result.
Subsidence can also occur as ground shaking causes
loose sediments to ‘settle’and to lose their load bearing
strength or to slump down sloping grounds.
 Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts
to move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are
often seen along hill crest and river banks.
5. Tsunami
 A tsunami also known as a seismic sea wave,
is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other
underwater explosions, landslides, glacier
cavings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have
the potential to generate a tsunami.
6. Earthquake – induced landslides
 Landslides are frequently triggered by strong ground
motions. They are important secondary earthquake
hazards.
 The term landslide includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows. However, gravity acting on a steep
slope is the primary reason for all landslides.
 Strong earthquake- induced ground shaking greatly
increases the likelihood of landslides where landscape is
susceptible to these types of ground failure.
 If the ground is saturated with water, particularly following
heavy rainfall, the shaking will result in more landslides
than normal