The Impact of Information Technology

• Information Technology
• Combination of hardware and software products and services that
companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share
information
• A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and
safeguarded carefully

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The Impact of Information Technology

• The Role of Systems Analysis and Design

• Systems Analysis and Design
• Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems
• Systems Analyst
• Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

2
The Impact of Information Technology
• Who Develops Information Systems?
• In-house applications
• Software packages
• Internet-based application services
• Outsourcing
• Custom solutions
• Enterprise-wide software strategies
• How versus What

3
Information System Components
• A system is a set of
related components
that produces
specific results
• A mission-critical
system is one that is
vital to a company’s
operations

4
Information System Components
• Hardware
• Moore’s Law
• Software
• System software
• Network operating system
• Application software
• Enterprise applications

5
Information System Components
• Data
• Is the raw material that an information system transforms into
useful information
• Tables
• Linking

6
Information System Components
• Processes
• Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT
staff members perform to achieve specific results
• People
• Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information
system, both inside and outside the company

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Understanding The Business
• Business Profile
• Business Models
• Business models
• Business process
• BPR (business process reengineering)

8
Understanding The Business
• New Kinds of Companies
• Companies are classified based
on their main activities:
• Product-oriented
• Service-oriented
• Brick-and-mortar
• Dot-com (.com) or Internet-
dependent

9
Impact of the Internet
• E-Commerce (I-Commerce)
• B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
• B2B (Business-to-Business)
• EDI, XML, HTML
• Web-Based Development
• WebSphere, .NET
• Web services

10
How Business Uses Information
Systems
• In past, IT managers divided systems into categories
based on the user group the system served
• Office systems
• Operational systems
• Decision support systems
• Executive information systems

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
• Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its
functions, rather than by users
• Enterprise computing systems
• Transaction processing systems
• Business support systems
• Knowledge management systems
• User productivity systems

12
How Business Uses Information Systems
• Enterprise computing systems
• Support company-wide operations and data management
requirements
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

13
How Business Uses Information
Systems
• Transaction processing
systems
• Efficient because they
process a set of
transaction-related
commands as a group
rather than individually

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
• Business support systems
• Provide job-related
information to users at all
levels of a company
• Management information
systems (MIS)
• Radio frequency
identification (RFID)
• What-if

15
How Business Uses Information
Systems
• Knowledge management systems
• Called expert systems
• Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and
inference rules
• Many use fuzzy logic

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How Business Uses Information
Systems
• User productivity systems
• Technology that improves productivity
• Groupware
• Information systems integration
• Most large companies require systems that combine transaction
processing, business support, knowledge management, and user
productivity features

17
Information System Users and Their Needs
• A systems analyst must
understand the company’s
organizational model in
order to recognize who is
responsible for specific
processes and decisions
and to be aware of what
information is required by
whom

18
Information System Users and Their Needs
• Top managers
• Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
• Supervisors and Team Leaders
• Operational Employees
• Strategic plans

19
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
• Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of
techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-
aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and
implement information systems
• Systems analysts work with these tools in a team
environment

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques
• Modeling
• Used to describe and simplify an information system:
• Business model
• Requirements model
• Data model
• Object model
• Network model
• Process model

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques
• Prototyping
• Prototype
• Speeds up the development process significantly
• Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are
thoroughly understood
• Can be an extremely valuable tool

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques
• Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
• Framework for systems development and support a wide variety of
design methodologies
• CASE tools (
CASE Tools | Components | Top 13 Types of CASE Tools (educba.com))
• https://www.educba.com/case-tools/
• Examples of CASE tools in SD Process

23
Systems Development Methods
• Structured analysis and object-oriented analysis are both
popular methodologies for developing computer-based
information systems
• A systems analyst should understand the alternative
methodologies and their individual strengths and weaknesses

24
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
• Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

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Systems Development Methods
• Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
• O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects
• Object is a member of a class
• Class is a collection of similar objects
• Objects possess properties
• Methods change an object’s properties
• Messages request specific behavior or information from another
object

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Systems Development Methods
• Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development
• JAD – Team based fact finding
• RAD – compressed version of the entire process
• Other development methodologies
• Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)

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The Systems Development Life Cycle
• SDLC used to plan and manage the systems development process
• It includes the following steps:
• Systems planning phase
• Systems analysis phase
• Systems design phase
• Systems implementation phase
• Systems operation, support, and security phase
• Deliverable or end product

28
The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Traditionally pictured as a waterfall model, but is also presented as an
interactive model depicting real world practice and the constant
dialog among users, managers, and systems developers

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The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems planning
• Purpose is to identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or
problem
• Systems request – begins the process & describes problems or desired
changes
• Systems planning includes preliminary investigation whose key part is a
feasibility study

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The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems Analysis
• Purpose is to build a logical model of the new system
• First step is requirements modeling, where you investigate business
processes and document what the new system must do
• End product is the system requirements document

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The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems Design
• Purpose is to create a blueprint that will satisfy all documented requirements
• Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
• Avoid misunderstanding through manager and user involvement
• End product is systems design specification

32
The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems Implementation
• New system is constructed
• Write, test, & document programs
• File conversion occurs
• Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system
• Systems evaluation performed

33
The Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems operation, support, and security
• New system supports operations
• Maintenance changes correct errors or meet requirements
• Enhancements increase system capability
• Well-designed system will be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable
• SDLC ends with system replacement

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Systems Development Guidelines
• Planning
• Involve users throughout the development process
• Listening is very important
• Create a time table with major milestones
• Identify interim checkpoints
• Remain flexible
• Develop accurate cost and benefit information

35
Information Technology Department
• The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains
a company’s information systems
• The IT group provides technical support

36
Information Technology Department
• Application Development
• Team may include users, managers and IT staff members
• Systems Support and Security
• Provides hardware and software support
• User Support
• Provides users with technical information, training, and productivity support
• Help desk

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Information Technology Department
• Database Administration
• Database design, management, security, backup, and user access
• Network Administration
• Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security
• Web Support
• Design and construction of Web pages and presence
• Important for e-commerce
• Webmaster

38
The Systems Analyst Position
• A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs,
evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems
• On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department
team
• Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work

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The Systems Analyst Position
• Responsibilities
• Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet
needs
• Required Skills and Background
• Solid communication skills and analytical ability

40
The Systems Analyst Position
• Certification
• Professional credential
• Career Opportunities
• Job titles
• Company organization
• Company size
• Corporate culture
• Salary, location, and future growth

41
Chapter Summary
• IT is a combination of hardware and software that support
business
• The essential components of an information system are
hardware, software, data, processes, and people
• Companies are product-oriented, service-oriented, or a
combination of the two

42
Chapter Summary
• Organization structure usually includes levels. Each level
has different responsibilities and information needs
• Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and CASE
tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of the
process, prototyping involves creation of an early working
model, and CASE tools assist in various systems
development tasks

43
Chapter Summary
• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
consists of five phases: systems planning, systems
analysis, systems design, systems implementation,
and systems operation, support, and security
• Systems analysts need a combination of technical
and business knowledge, analytical ability, and
communication skills

• Chapter 1 Complete

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Challenge Task
• SEE SLIDO LINK

45
ASSIGNMENT FOR THURSDAY?
• See Assignment posted
• Contemplate on the ff:
• Why do Systems Fail?
• Why do we need a formal process for Systems Development?
• What major role can you contribute as a System Analyst?

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• SDLC Methodologies | Top 6 Useful SDLC Models and Methodologies (educba.com)

• https://www.educba.com/sdlc-methodologies/
• SDLC vs STLC | Know The Top 9 Most Amazing Differences (educba.com)

• BREAKOUT SESSION – 7 GROUPS- Each Group will be ASSIGNED a specific SDLC Model. What to discuss and highlight during the sharing of
output

• Describe the MODEL (How it works)

• What are the Advantage and Disadvantage of using the MODEL over the other models
• What specific project it is best suited

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Visual Paradigm Online (visual-paradigm.com)