Clauses

•Two
A CLAUSE,
kinds of clauses:
like a phrase, is a group of
• related words used
Independent-can together
stand aloneasaspart
a of a
sentence.
sentence. Clauses,
aka- “mainhowever,
clause” contain a
• subject and verb, whereas
Subordinate-cannot phrases do
stand alone.
not.
aka-”dependent clause”
 Clauses
• To
There
formare
a sentence,
three kinds
youofmust
subordinating
combine
the
clauses:
subordinate (dependent) with an
1.independent
Adjective clause.
2. Adverb
3. Noun
 Adjective Clauses
• used as an adjective to modify a noun or a
pronoun
• TELLS—what kind? or which one?
• MOST adjective clauses begin with a
relative pronoun (whose, that, which, who,
whom)
• Usually placed immediately after the word
it modifies
 The stamps that commemorate American
locomotives feature four different models.
What is the adjective
clause?
A) feature four
B) that commemorate
American locomotives
C) feature four different
models
Modifies which word?
D) locomotives
E) stamps
Snowmobiles are cars which you
can ride on the snow.
What is the adjective
clause?
A) which you can ride
B) which you can ride
on the snow
C) can ride on the snow
Which modifies?
D) cars
E) snowmobiles
The grade I received was a shock.
What is the adjective
clause?
A) (which) was a shock
B) (that) the grade
C) (that) I received
Modifies which word?
D) grade
E) shock
 The people whose homes have been
damaged will need special help.
What is the adjective
clause?
A. Need special help
B. Homes have been
damaged
C. Whose homes
have been
damaged
D. There isn’t an adj.
clause
The stereo that she bought had
a tape player in it.
What is the adjective
clause?
A. That she bought
B. Had a tape player
C. She bought had a
tape player in it
D. There isn’t one.
 This is the bicycle that I want.
What is the adjective
clause?
A. This is the bicycle
B. The bicycle that I
want
C. That I want
D. There isn’t one
 Adverb clause
• used as an adverb
Cause-because, sinceto modify a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb.
Comparison-as, as much as, than
•Condition-although,
TELL—where, when, why,as,
as long how, to what
even extent
though, provided that,
______________________
unless
•Purpose-in
most adverb
orderclauses
that, sobegin
that with subordinating
conjunctions—they
Manner-as, are:
as if, as though
Time-after,
Place-where,as,whenever
as soon as, before, since, until, when,
whenever, while
The sheriff posted the notice where
everyone could see it.
What is the adverb
clause?
A) could see it
B) where everyone
could see it
C) posted the notice
Which modifies?
D) see
E) posted
Your face becomes red when you
get embarrassed.
What is the adverb
clause?
A) becomes red
B) when you get
embarrassed
C) get embarrassed
Which modifies?
D) face
E) red
The cave was darker than you can
imagine.
What is the adverb
clause?
A) was darker
B) than you can
imagine
C) can imagine
Which modifies?
D) darker
E) cave
 After work, we’ll go out.
What is the adverb
clause?
A. After work
B. Go out
C. None
While Susie vacuumed the hall,
Wayne made the beds.
What is the adverb
clause?
A. Made the beds
B. While Susie
C. While Susie
vacuumed the
halls
 Noun Clauses
-function as subjects, direct objects, indirect
objects, predicate nominatives, and object of
prepositions
-Some of the words that introduce noun clauses
are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how,
when, whoever, where, and whomever.
-Notice that some of these words also introduce
adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun
clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper
form of the pronouns he or she for the noun
clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know
it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.)
My question is how do I load this
computer program.
What is the noun
clause?
A) this computer
program
B) how do I load this
computer program
How is it used?
C) D.O.
D) I.O.
E) PN
 Give whoever comes in last a
consolation prize.
What is the noun
clause?
A) a consolation prize
B) whoever comes in
last
How is it used?
C) D.O.
D) I.O.
E) PN
Where the fugitives are remains a
mystery to the police.
What is the noun
clause?
A) remains a mystery to
the police
B) where the fugitives
are
How it is used?
C) DO
D) PN
E) S
Tell us about how the Metro
works in Paris.
What is the noun
clause?
A. about how the
Metro works
B. Works in Paris
C. how the Metro
works in Paris
D. Tell us about
Give the package to whoever
opens the door.
What is the noun
clause?
A. Give the package
B. Whoever opens
the door
C. Opens the door
 Sentence Structure
SIMPLE: 1 independent clause + no
subordinate
The candidate is confident.

COMPOUND: 2 or more independent

clauses that are joined together
Everyone stopped work, and the factory
became silent
 Sentence Structure
COMPLEX: 1 independent clause + 1 or more
subordinate clauses
When you leave, shut the door.
(shut the door can stand alone)

COMPOUND-COMPLEX: 2 more independent

clauses and one or more subordinate
clauses.
When the ice melted, heavy rains began, and the
streets flooded.
 Types of Sentences
It may be helpful to remember them in this way:

Type of Independent Subordinate

sentence Clauses Clauses
Simple One None

Compound Two or more None

Complex One One or more

Compound- Two or more One or more

Complex
 Types of Sentences

Identify the sentence type in the following:

She smiled sweetly, and he grinned shyly. Compound

Mary and Tom agreed to meet after school. Simple

I had a poor background, and the subject was quite

difficult; however, the teacher explained the concepts
very clearly. Compound
 Types of Sentences

Identify the sentence type in the following:

Because the store was closed, we returned home. Complex

The old prospector was discouraged; however, when I

suggested giving up, he was indignant. Compound-complex

Although my friends were lost for a while, they eventually

found the restaurant that you recommended. Complex
 All of the children and their
parents enjoyed the show.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-
Complex
Occasionally I find someone who does not like
my jokes, but everything changes when I tell
him my motto.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-
Complex
 After we got on the bus, we realized
that we didn’t have enough money for
our fares.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-
Complex
Did you sleep though the storm;
I hope that you will call me.
A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-
Complex
 Test Yourself – Simple,
Compound, Complex, or
Compound-Complex?
1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students,
and took attendance.

2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping.

3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping.

4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament,

and their more aggressive style did not pay off.

5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick
underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals.

6. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard, but Stacy did
not understand the material.