Understanding Culture,

Society, and Politics

Learning Objective
The learners:
analyze the significance of cultural, social, political
and economic symbols and practices
 01
SOCIO-CULTURAL
AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Socio-cultural stage is about the
stage of progression characterized
by technology advancements,
innovations, and transmissions.
 Hunting and Gathering
Stage
This refers to the early nomads who transfer
from one place to another to get food for their
survival. This stage is the oldest and most
basic way of living.

• Equality in duties between men and

women is seen; Labor division is based on
sex
• Primary institution is the family
• High level of interdependence
 Pastoral Stage
Pastoral comes from the root word “pastor,” a
Latin word which means
“shepherd.” This period is between 8500-
6500 BC.

• One of principal livelihoods is animal

domestication
• Extensive land use
• Concept of ownership
• Wealth is determined by herd size
• Decisions about when to move are made
communally
 Horticultural Stage

• They used metal tools and weapons;

Slash and burn technology
• Hand tools to cultivate plants
• Emphasis on providing for the needs
of their family
• Permanent settlements
• Create more elaborate cultural
artifacts
• Complex division of labor.
• They are a multi-community society
 Agricultural Stage
It began 5,000 years ago during the Neolithic Period
when their population increased into millions.

• Cultivate cereals, farming and domesticating

animals
• More advanced cultivation tools are produced and
farming skills
• Settle permanently and improve technology
• Money becomes a form of exchange
• Leads to an increase in inequality
• There is reliance on permanent tools for survival
• Distinct social classes evolve
Industrial Stage
It started when the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe
during the 18th century and half of the 19th
century.
● Agricultural society is transformed to production and
manufacturing
● People leave their farms and transfer in urban areas to work
in factories
● Replacement of the domestic system
● Mass production
 Post-Industrial Stage

• Development of information
technology and computers, many
societies become digital
• Education is the basis of social
mobility
• Workers are mostly technical and
professionals
• Greater attention is paid to the
theoretical and ethical implications
of new technologies
• Newer scientific disciplines
 As we analyze the socio-cultural
development of societies, there are
many factors that lead to their
development from hunter-gatherers to
the digital society.
Advances in technology – Drivers of innovation
Nomadism – Egalitarian society
Pre-industrial societies – birth of inequality
Agricultural Revolution – different developments
 02
THE SOCIO-
POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT
 Theories on the Formation of States
A state has its own territory, centralized government, and system of
collecting taxes. The formation of states is the product of change that is needed
to adapt to every environment.

The Divine Right The Social The Force

Theory Contract Theory Theory
 The Divine Right Theory
⮚ Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704) asserted that the king’s person
and authority were sacred
⮚ The theory asserts that all the powers to rule come from God, who is divine,
and all who exercise it is ordained and elected by God to be His agent in this
world.
⮚ This theory was supported by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Marsiglo of
Padua (1275-1342), Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Bishop Bossuet (1627-1704)
and Sir Robert Fillmer (1588-1653).
⮚ In the olden times, this theory is called the “Divine Right of Kings”.
 The Social Contract Theory
This refers to the political philosophy or agreement between
the government and the people.

Thomas Hobbes John Locke (1632- Jean-Jacques

(1588-1679) 1704) Rousseau (1712-1778)
People create a Humans are rational by The only good
government in exchange nature and can control government is one formed
for law and order. themselves. out of the free will by the
people.
It is a theory where the state has its origin from
force.
This theory was supported by David Hume (1711-1776),
General Von Bernhardi (1849-1930), Johann Caspar
Bluntschli (1808-1881) and Mao Tse Tung (1893-1976).

The Force Theory

 Organization
Descent
Family Marriage
Blood

Bands relationship

The Clan
Evolution
of Political Tribes
System Chiefdom
Cultural evolution led to the Population
transformation of different societies and
political systems which is called the
socio-political development.
State Territory
Government
Sovereignty
 Family
refers to the basic social institution and primary group
in the society.

On the basis of
On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of
blood
organization Residence: descent marriage
relationship

Nuclear Patrilocal Patrilineal Monogamous Consanguine

Family Family Family Family Family

Extended Matrilocal Matrilineal Polygamous Conjugal

Family Family Family Family Family

Neolocal
Residence
 Bands
refer to a small association of
family living together whose
relationship is due to marriage,
descent, friendship, and common
interest.
Clan
is a non-corporate descent group
whose members claim descent
from a common ancestor (real or
mythical) but are unable to name
the actual genealogical connecting
links back to the common ancestor.
Tribes
This is organized around family ties
and have larger populations, with
shifting leadership.
Chiefdom
refers to a regional society in which
one or more local groups are
organized under a single ruling
individual, called the chief, who is
at the head of a ranked hierarchy of
people.
 State
refers to the political organization of society
distinguished from other social groups by its objective

Territory Sovereignty
The basis on which the state
This includes the land,
regulates all aspects of the life
mountains or hills and
of the people living in its
bodies of water.
territory.

Population Government
State is a community of This makes, implements,
persons; without enforces and adjudicates
population there can be no the laws of the state.
state.
 Each society needs the state because of the following reasons:

(1) It provides security against external aggressions and war; it is for this
reason the state maintains an army.
(2) It grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
(3) It issues and regulates currency and coinage.
(4) It ensures security against internal disturbances, disorders, and crimes;
thus, the state has to maintain its police force.
(5) It grants citizenship and protects the interests and rights of its citizens.
(6) It conducts foreign relations, foreign trade, and economic relations.
(7) It secures the goals of national interest in international relations.
 Activity: News Video Analysis
Title: 1 million Metro Manila residents
expected to join ‘Balik Probinsya’
program
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
WynSHexA9w
Think About This!
1. What is the news about?
2. How does your knowledge and
understanding of human evolution help you
to survive this two-month long quarantine
period because of the pandemic?
3. How do you think does the concept of
adaptation operate in Philippine society in
modern times?