Hospital Engineering

L1:Introduction to Hospital Engineering

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
S E L A M AW I T H . ( A S S . L E C T U R E R )
Hospital Engineering
It is both an art and a science of efficiency planning, managing, and maintaining the
physical environment and equipment for health care.

Hospital

 It is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and

equipment.

 It is a facility which provides health care, surgery, and other medical treatment which
cannot be completed in a clinic or doctor’s office.

 It contains the more expensive and high-tech equipment.

 Classification of Hospitals
Hospitals are commonly classified according to the types of services they provide, their financial
status (for-profit, or non-profit), and ownership.

Hospitals have one of three basic sponsorships: 

1.They may be operated as voluntary not-for- profit entities.

2.They may be owned and managed by profit- making corporations.

3.They may be public facilities, supported and managed by governmental jurisdictions.

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 Classification of Hospitals:
1 . According to level of care:
a. Secondary Hospitals : district and some specific hospital
b. tertiary Hospitals : Central high specialized hospital ,Educational Hospital and some of specific
hospital
2.According to the size of Hospital
a) mini size hospital <50 bed
b) mid size hospital 50-250 bed
c) Big hospital 250-500 bed
d) huge hospital >500 bed

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 Classification of Hospitals
3.According to the size of medical specialists

a. Specialized hospital . Types of specialized hospitals include: trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals,
children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs
such as psychiatric problems

b. General Hospital: all medical Specialists are provided. The best-known type of hospital. set up to deal
with many kinds of disease and injury and normally has an emergency department to deal with
immediate and urgent threats to health.

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 Cont’d
4.According to owners of the hospitals:
a. private hospital

b. public hospital, university hospital and etc

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 Elements and Division of hospital
The main division of hospital are:
1.Adminstration division
2.Outpatient division ,Includes:
a) outpatient clinics
b) pharmacy
c) emergency receptions
3.Diagonostic Service division ,includes:
d) Laboratories
e) radiology (diagnostic )
5.Therapuetic service divisions ,includes:
f) physical therapy
g) radiology (therapeutic)
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 Elements and Division of hospital
6.Internal medical treatment division, includes
a) operation theaters
b) intensive care unit
c) Maternity section
d) Central sterilization department

7.Inpatient division ,includes:

e) patient ward
f) nurses ward
g) inpatient service
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 Cont’d
8.General service division ,includes
kitchen, laundry ,storages, workshops, mechanical service

security, mortuary ,parking, landscaping

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 Morphology and Design of Modern
Hospitals
 A functional design can promote skill, economy, conveniences, and comforts.

A non-functional design can impede activities of all types, detract from quality of care, and raise costs to
intolerable levels.

Good hospital design integrates functional requirements with the human needs of its varied users.

Hospitals are the most complex building types.

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Morphology and Design of Modern
Hospitals
Ideally, hospital design process incorporates direct input from the owner and from key
hospital staff early on in the process.

 The designer also has to be an advocate for the patients, visitors, support staff,
volunteers, and suppliers who do not generally have direct input into the design.

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 Morphology and Design of Modern
Hospitals
Each hospital is comprised of a wide range of services and functional units.
These include: Diagnostic, treatment and hospitality function such as:
•Clinical Laboratories
•Imaging
•Emergency rooms
•Surgery
•Food service
•House keeping
•Fundamental impatient care (bed related) function. 12
 Morphology and Design of Modern
Hospitals
The basic form of a hospital is, ideally, based on its functions:

 Bed-related inpatient functions

 Outpatient-related functions

 Diagnostic and treatment functions

 Administrative functions

 Service functions (food, supply)

 Research and teaching functions

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 Hospital Engineering Services

Hospital Engineering services and installations are very important component considered to be life
line for a smooth functioning of hospital
The engineering service broadly categorized under:
Electrical Services

Civil Services

Engineering
Services

Biomedical Services
Others Services

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Hospital Engineering Services
Civil Services
 Buildings and Infrastructures
 Water Supply
 Hospital roads Garden and parks
 Drainage System
 Natural Light
 Land procurement and development
 Ventilations and Horticulture
Electrical
Services
 Electric Supply
 Load assessment and distributions
 Alternative Energy generations
 Short circuit protection and fire
protections
 Air conditioning and Refrigeration
 Electric filling and installations
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Hospital Engineering Services
Biomedical
Services
◦ Includes all Equipment used in Others Services
hospital  Laundry ,Kitchen
◦ Radiology ,X-ray, MRI ,CT-scan,  Communications System
Ultrasound  Workshop
◦ Operation theaters, ICU,NNU  Sanitary Services
◦ Central Gas pipeline  Hospital Security
◦ Pathology , microbiology ,Blood bank  Transportations
and related laboratory Services
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BUILDING ATTRIBUTES
1.Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness 7.Aesthetics

2.Flexibility and Expandability 8.Security and Safety

3.Therapeutic Environment 9.Green Architecture

4.Cleanliness and Sanitation 10.Energy Savings

5.Accessibility 11.Water and Waste Management

6.Controlled Circulation 12.Materials

1.Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness
 Promote staff movement efficiency .
 Allow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff
 Include all needed spaces without redundancy.
 Provide an efficient logistics system.
 Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared
by adjacent functional areas. E.g. Positioning sterilization room to cover outside
requisition and within.
 Consolidate outpatient functions for more efficiency
 Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirements
 Provide optimal functional adjacencies., such as locating the surgical intensive care
unit adjacent to the operating theatre
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2.Flexibility and Expandability

Since medical needs will continue to change, hospitals should:

 Follow modular concepts of space planning and layout
 Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible.
 Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical and
electrical systems
 Be open-ended, with well planned directions for future expansion.

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3.Therapeutic Environment
Using familiar and culturally relevant materials consistent with sanitation and other functional needs.

Using cheerful and varied colors and textures,

Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. Patients, visitors, and staff all need to know

where they are, what their destination is, and how to get there and return.
Admitting ample natural light.
Providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewhere.

Building elements, color, texture, and pattern should all give cues, as well as artwork and signage.

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4.Cleanliness and Sanitation
Hospitals must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by:

Appropriate, durable finishes for each functional space.

Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish transitions to avoid dirt-
catching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints.

Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spaces.

Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept sterile. The new antimicrobial
surfaces might be considered for appropriate locations.

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 What if this happens to our Country??
EXTERIOR PART INTERIOR PART
5.ACCESSIBILITY
All areas, both inside and out, should:

 Be easy to use by patients with handicaps.

 Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement.

 Sidewalks and corridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily.

 Entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients with slower adaptation rates to dark and
light; marking glass walls and doors to make their presence obvious.

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6. CONTROLLED CIRCULATION
Outpatients visiting, diagnostic and treatment areas should not travel through inpatient
functional areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients.

Typical outpatient routes should be simple and clearly defined.

Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit without penetrating
other functional areas.

Separate patients and visitors from industrial/logistical areas or floors.

Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenance services

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7.AESTHETICS
Increased use of natural light, natural materials, and textures.

Use of artwork.

Attention to proportions, color, scale, and detail.

Bright, open, generously-scaled public spaces.

Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation rooms, and offices.

Compatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundings.

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8.Security and Safety
Protection of hospital property and assets, including drugs.

Protection of patients and staff.

Safe control of violent or unstable patients.

Vulnerability to damage from terrorism

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9.Green Architecture
Green architecture promotes good environment and health. It has also been found to aid in early
recovery and shorter hospital stays.

Minimize the use of carpets and other such materials that have the potential to absorb and release
indoor pollutants.

Use high reflecting roofing

Evaluate safe strategies to recycle waste water for other purposes on the site..

Avoid ozone-depleting chemicals in mechanical equipment and insulation.

Avoid materials that will offgass pollutants. 27

10.Energy Savings
Maximum use of natural light, solar energy and green power can lead to plenty of energy
being saved.

Solar energy can also be used to produce thermal energy which can further be used to produce
electrical energy.

Construction of the building aligned at an angle to the sun.

The major orientation of the building to face north and south maximizes use of natural light.

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11.Water and Waste Management

Rainwater harvesting and storm-water management , to conserve water efficiently.

This method requires rain water to run across terraces through clean pipes to storage
tanks where they are purified and then used.

Sewage water is recycled for further use.

Minimize wastewater by using ultra-low flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, and

other water conserving fixtures

Waste can be effectively disposed through vermicomposting or simple composting

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 12.MATERIALS
PVC, and arsenic-free material.

 Digitalized devices , instead of mercury counterparts.

 When disposing acids they should be diluted in alkaline.

 High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) products , for plumbing and roofing purposes.

 Concrete, the waste building material be mixed with industrial by-products like Fly ash, cinder,
stone dust, is an acceptable substitute

Biodegradable materials, especially for syringes, as they are cheap and can be easily disposed

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MANY THANKS
Activity one
1.What is Hospital Engineering?
2.How you might explain the classification of hospitals and according to what they are
classified?
3.Rooms in the hospital should have a natural light, in order to full fill this and save energy how
should be the orientation of the building? Explain?