Cryogenic hardening treatment

NAME: SHARMA KEDAR

GOPALJI.
T.E.B
GUIDE: PROF.D.H.
DAREKAR
 #Table content#

Introduction.
Process.
Working.
Advantages.
Disadvantages.
Application.
 # Introduction #
1]Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process
where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C
(−301 °F), usually using liquid nitrogen.
2]It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of
certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are
such that they retain some austenite at room temperature.
3] It is designed to increase the amount of martensite in the steel's
crystal structure, increasing its strength and hardness, sometimes at
the cost of toughness.
Process of cryogenic hardening treatment

Austenitising Quenching Cryotreatment

Tempering
 #Austenitising#

 Austenitising is one of the heat treatment processes of steel

and other ferrous alloys where these materials are heated
above their critical temperatures long enough for
transformations to take place.
 During austenitizing the final alloying element partitioning
occurs between the austenite martrix and the retained
carbides.
 #Quenching#

 Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process

where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301
°F), usually using liquid nitrogen. ... More commonly, an
incomplete transformation occurs in the initial quench, so
that cryogenic treatments merely enhance the effects of
prior quenching.
 After CHT there would always be some retained austenite in
the steel. Which is up to 20-30%.
 #cryotreatment#

 Cooling of tool material fromroom temperature , at an

extremely slow rate ranging from 0.5 to 1 degree celcius.
 Shallow Cryogenic Treatment (SCT) for the period of 84
degree celcius.
 Deep Cryo-genic Treatment (DCT) for the period of -196
degree celcius.
block diagram
 #Tempering#

 Tempering, in metallurgy, process of improving the

characteristics of a metal, especially steel, by heating it to a
high temperature, though below the melting point, then cooling
it, usually in air. The process has the effect of toughening by
lessening brittleness and reducing internal stresses.
 Martensite precipitation fine carbide, which are named as
transition carbide. Nucleation of these carbides relieves micro-
stresses in the brittle primary martensite and prevents micro
cracking on surface of the steel.
 #Working#
 During cryo processing, metal is slowly cooled, usually using liquid
nitrogen. This slow descend to cryogenic temperatures helps prevent
stress on the material. The metal is kept at this freezing temperature up to
24 hours before it's brought back up to around 149°C using heat
tempering.
 Once the metal is submerged or otherwise exposed to liquid nitrogen, its
temperature begins to drop. The metal is held at a stable, cool
temperature for up to 24 hours, after which it undergoes a second round of
heat treatment to minimize brittleness.
 Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the
material is slowly cooled to very low temperatures. By using liquid
nitrogen, the temperature can go as low as −196 °C. It can have a
profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain materials, such as
steels or tungsten carbide.
Advantages of cryogrnic treatment

 Cutting tools for different machining

operations:saving,milling,drilling,turning.
 Delayed purchase of new tooling.
 Decreased resharpen and rework.
 Less scheduled down time to change tooling.
 Lower labour cost .
 disadvantages

 The vapours and gases released from cryogenic liquids also remain
very cold.
 They often condense the moisture in air, creating a highly visible
fog.
 In poorly insulated containers, some cryogenic liquids actually
condense the surrounding air, forming a liquid air mixture.
 Everyone who works with cryogenic liquids (also known as
cryogens) must be aware of their hazards and know how to work
safely with them.
 application
 Aerospace & Defense: communication, optical housings,
weapons platforms, guidance systems, landing systems
 Automotive: brake rotors, transmissions, clutches, brake parts,
rods, crank shafts, camshafts axles, bearings, ring and pinion,
heads, valve trains, differentials, springs, nuts, bolts, washers.
 Cutting tools: cutters, knives, blades, drill bits, end
mills, inserts. Cryogenic treatments of cutting tools can be
classified as Deep Cryogenic Treatments (around -196 °C) or
Shallow Cryogenic Treatments (around -80 °C).
 Mechanical industry: pumps, motors, nuts, bolts, washers.