HARMONICS REDUCTION AND

POWER FACTOR ENHANCEMENT

OF 12-PULSE HVDC SYSTEM

B.MEGHANA
162108
CONTENTS:

 HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

 IT’S COMPONENTS
 SOURCES OF HARMONCIS
 EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
 HARMONICS ELIMINATION METHODS
 SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
 CONCLUSION
 HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
• HVDC power systems use D.C. for transmission of bulk power over
long distances.
• In generating substation, AC power is generated which can be
converted into DC by using a rectifier.
• In converter substation rectifiers and inverters are placed at both
the ends of a line.
• The rectifier terminal changes the AC to DC, while the inverter
terminal converts DC to AC.
• The DC is flowing with the overhead lines and at the user end
again DC is converted into AC by using inverters, which are placed
in converter substation.
IT’S COMPONENTS :

1. Transformers
2. Converters
3. Smoothening reactors
4. Filters
5. Shunt capacitors (Reactive power supplies)
6. DC Transmission lines
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF COMPONENTS OF HVDC
SYSTEM
 In HVDC power system , some system components possess non-linear
characteristics which produce system harmonics .

 SOURCES OF HARMONICS :
 AC Generator
 Converter Transformers
 Converter along with it’s control devices

1. AC Generator as a source of Harmonics :

 They are produced mainly due to the non-sinusoidal flux distribution in armature
winding , saturation, slotting effect due to the stator and rotor slots in rotating
machines.
2. TRANSFORMER AS A SOURCE OF HARMONICS :

• Due to the presence of DC component in transformer secondary , there is

magnetic distortion and magnetic saturation which makes transformers as a source
of harmonics
• Magnitude of these harmonics depend on operating flux density
• Converting Transformers are operated at higher operating flux densities than the
conventional transformers . Therefore there is greater possibility of generation of
harmonics .
3. HARMONICS DUE TO CONVERTERS :
a) Characteristic Harmonics :
• Under balanced operating conditions , the converters are supposed to produce
fundamental and harmonics of the orders 5,7,11,13 etc.
• Normal Current harmonics produced on AC side are of order (np ± 1)
• Normal voltage harmonics produced on DC side are of order (np)
where n is any positive integer , p is pulse number .
b) Non - characteristic harmonics :
• The harmonics other than the order of characteristics harmonics
are called non-characteristics harmonics
• These harmonics are unpredictable
• These are due to :
 Firing angle errors
 Unbalance and distortion in AC voltages
 Imbalance in the operation of two bridges forming the 12 pulse
converter.
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS :
• Efficiency of power transmission reduces
• Insulation of system components is damaged due to overheating
• Overvoltage due to resonance
• Instability of converter controls
• Generating telephonic and radio interference in neighbouring line ,
thereby inducing harmonic noise
HARMONICS LIMITS :
HARMONICS ELIMINATION METHODS :
There are two means by which harmonics can be reduced
a) Increasing the pulse number
b) Use of filters

INCREASING THE PULSE NUMBER

• From the converter analysis , it is clear that the converter can be

operated at high pulse number preferably 12 pulse to reduce the
harmonics .
• The pulse number can be increased from 6 – 108 but it demands a
expensive transformer .
USE OF FILTERS :
PASSIVE SHUNT FILTERS

 The passive filter with thyristor controlled reactor and thyristor switched
capacitor is the most significant development in the field of harmonic distortion
 Passive filters are used for the mitigation of harmonic component in 6-pulse
and 12 – pulse converter and also provide the reactive power compensation in
the system to improve the power quality which reduced the need of capacitor
for supplying extra needed KVAR .
 Passive shunt filters are connected in parallel with the load . They offer a very
low impedance in the network at the tuned frequency to divert all the related
current at a particular tuned frequency.
TYPES OF PASSIVE SHUNT FILTERS :

1 . Series (single –tuned) filter :

• This filter is tuned to suppress a single frequency

• Designed based on three quantities:
a) The harmonic current order (h) that requires blocking
b) the capacitive reactive power (Q c ) that it is going to be provided
c) its quality factor ( Q )
The voltage level (V in kV) and the fundamental frequency (f in Hz),
which are given by the system, must also be considered during the
design process.
2 . Double tuned filter :

It is used to filter out two discrete frequencies

3. High pass filter
This filter is used to mitigate all harmonics from 23rd to 49th order
harmonics
 C- type high pass filter:
It is used to reduce power losses at fundamental frequency
SHUNT ACTIVE PASSIVE FILTER :
• The shunt active filter shown is a current controlled voltage
source inverter (VSI), which is connected in parallel with the
converters.
• The shunt active power filter operating principle is to inject into
the power supply network the same harmonics current as that
generated by the nonlinear load but in the opposite direction.
The resulting total current drawn from the ac main is sinusoidal.
• A variety of methods are used for instantaneous current
harmonics detection in active power filter such as synchronous
reference frame (SRF), FFT (fast Fourier technique) technique,
instantaneous p-q control theory or by using suitable analog or
digital electronic filters separating successive harmonic
components
DESIGN OF SAPF BASED ON INSTANTANEOUS p-q THEORY:

 The instantaneous active and reactive power theory or simply the

p-q theory is based on a set of instantaneous values of active and
reactive powers defined in the time domain.
 The p-q Theory first uses Clarke transformation to transforms
voltages and currents from the a-b-c to α-β-0 coordinates and
then defines instantaneous power in these coordinates.
 Clarke’s Transformation :
• In three-phase circuits, instantaneous currents and voltages are
converted to instantaneous space vectors.
• These space vectors are easily converted into the α–β orthogonal
coordinates.
CONCLUSION:

ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC

• economical for bulk transmission

of power over long distances.
• low corona losses , less
transmission losses
• Less radio interference
• Low skin effect
• Greater power transmission per
conductor