Professional Documents
Culture Documents
L1L2 Intro
L1L2 Intro
Philippines
History
Definition of History
⮚ derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία
ἱστορία (historia) = learning; inquiry
• Maps
• Photographs
• Sketches,
Drawings,
Paintings
• Cartoons
Maps
-generally used to indicate
locations as well as
topography
-reveals how space and
geography were being
used to emphasize trade
routes, travel routes,
structural build up, etc.
Murillo Velarde 1734 Map:
The MOTHER of all Philippine MAPS.
MAPS
Document
written in
baybayin
Philippine Social Life
1. Published materials
⮚ Books, magazines, journals,
⮚ Travelogue
⮚ transcription of speech
⮚Oral history
⮚Artifact
⮚Ruins
⮚Fossils
⮚Art works
⮚Video recordings
⮚Audio recordings
⮚ materials produced by people or groups
directly involved in the event or topic being
studied.
⮚they are either participants or witnesses.
⮚these sources range from eyewitness
accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, and
official documents (government or private) and
even photographs
Santiago V.
Alvarez
• Santiago Alvarez was a revolutionary
general and a founder and honorary
president of the first directorate of the
Nacionalista Party.
• It is a personal
letter from the
Supremo to one of
his trusted
comrade and thus,
the content was
authentic.
SECONDARY
SOURCE
- Works produced after
the event has taken
place.
- Usually an assessment
or a commentary of
events, people, or
institutions of the past.
What are Secondary Sources?
- http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
Examples of secondary sources:
⮚Printed materials (serials,
⮚History textbook periodicals which
interprets previous
research)
What is Historical Criticism?
What is Historical Criticism?
⮚ In order for a source to be used as
evidence in history, basic matters about
its form and content must be settled
1. External Criticism
2. Internal Criticism
Historical Methods
• EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- Aims at checking the
authenticity of the primary
source.
- Requires checking if the
paper and ink of the
document belong to the
period being studied.
What is External Criticism?
3. Anachronistic
style
e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation
5. Provenance or custody
- determines its genuineness
Tests of Authenticity
7. Hermeneutics – determining
ambiguities
• INTERNAL
CRITICISM
- Checks the reliability
of the sources.
What is Internal Criticism
4. Is there bias to be
accounted for?
Questions to be answered
for Internal criticism
5. Does informed
common sense make
the account
probable?
- Is it appropriate?
Questions to be answered
for Internal criticism
6. Is the account
corroborated by
other accounts?
6. Is the account
corroborated by other
accounts?
• https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/454299.Santiago_V_Alvarez