EPRI Power System Dynamics

5 장 요약

2022. 08. 01

주관기관 : 연세대학교 전기전자공학과 스마트그리드 연구실

발표자 : 지찬호 1
1
05 Voltage Control
5.1

 Active power(P) is what does the work in the system.

 Reactive power(Q) enables the active power to do its work.

2
05 Voltage Control
5.1

 Inductive load exchanges reactive power with the system

• Current flows through the line ( It makes voltage drops and power
losses)

 Reduce voltage drops~ > Reduce the amount of reactive power

• Add capacitors near the inductive load

 Storage and return cycles of inductive and capacitive loads are oppo-
site one another.

3
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Voltage levels are directly tied to the availability of reactive power.

 The root cause of low voltage is a deficiency of reactive power.
 Common causes of low voltage
1. Heavy Power Transfers
2. Transmission Line Outages
3. Reactive Equipment Outages
4. Failure to “Get Ahead of the Voltage”
5. Motor Stalling

4
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Heavy Power Transfers

 Reactive Losses
• Minimize I, Z Maximize V
• In high voltage transmission system,
− Line’s inductive reactance is much greater than line’s resistance.

5
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Significance of Surge Impedance Loading

• SIL is the point that the the Mvar from the
line’s natural capacitance exactly provides
the Mvar the line needs to support its volt-
age
• =
− SIL Occurs

 P-V Curves
• MW transfer increased, the voltage at the
receiving substation gradually declines.
− Due to the increased Mvar losses

6
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Transmission Line Outages

• The power flows must readjust following the line trip

7
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Reactive Equipment Outages

• Generator trip and Loss of reactive power sources cause problems with
the ability of a system to control voltage.

 Motor Stalling
• Customers place induction motors in-service that require large amounts
of Mvar to start.(In-rush current)
• The in-rush current >> reactive burden on the system is large

8
05 Voltage Control
5.2 Causes of Low Voltage

 Failure to Get Ahead of the voltage

• The Mvar output capability of capacitor banks is reduced as voltages
drop.
• If system voltage drops to 90% of nominal, a shunt capacitor bank is
good for only 81% of rated output.

9
05 Voltage Control
5.4 Effects of Low voltages

 Effect of Low Voltage on System Equipment

• If the transformer is heavily loaded a sustained low voltage may result in a
rise in current flow through the transformer.
• High current could lead to thermal overloads of the transformer

 Effect of Low Voltage on Load Magnitude

• Motor load does not significantly vary
with the voltage magnitude.
• Non-motor load varies with the voltage.
− Constant current varies with voltage
− Constant impedance varies with

the square of the voltage

10
05 Voltage Control
5.4 Effects of Low voltages

 Effect of Time on Load Magnitude Change

11
05 Voltage Control
5.4 Effects of Low voltages

 Effect of Low Voltage on Angle Stability

• The lower that system voltages are held, the greater the risk of instability

 Effect of Low Voltage on Power Losses

• Hold system voltages as high as practical to minimize current and thus
minimize losses.

12
Q&A

13