Management of

Occupational Health and

Safety

Chapter 9 (Week 10)

Training

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5-1

 Learning Objectives
• After reading this chapter, you should be able
to:
– Discuss the importance of OH&S training
– Identify the components of a training program
– Explain the role of a needs analysis when designing a
training program
– Discuss issues that arise in training design and
delivery, as well as options for the delivery of health
and safety training programs
continued….

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-2

 Learning Objectives
• After reading this chapter, you should be able
to:
– Discuss the role of evaluation in any training program
– Evaluate the measurement concerns surrounding
organizational measures of occupational safety
training effectiveness
– Describe some common health and safety training
initiatives, including safety orientation, first-aid
training, and WHMIS

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-3

Poll

• Open the MindTap Mobile App and select your

course.

Which of the following is considered a vulnerable group

as it relates to receiving workplace training?
a) low wage earners
b) older workers
c) unionized workers
d) men

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-4

 Opening Vignette:
The Need for Training
• Prior to the Humboldt Broncos bus accident,
Ontario was the only province that required
training for all truck drivers
• Training related to OHS must meet several criteria:
– Engaging
– Maximize participant learning
– Meticulously documented including current
certifications

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 Opening Vignette:
The Need for Training

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 Canadian Statistics
• A study of nearly 60 000 Canadian workers
reported that only 12% of women and 16% of
men had received workplace safety training in
the previous year
• Employees who were new to their jobs were
more likely to receive training
– The proportion who did remains low, at only 20%

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 The Role of OH&S Training
• Three basic rights apply to all Canadian
employees:
– Right to know
– Right to participate
– Right to refuse unsafe work

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 The Role of OH&S Training
• Right to know
– Workers need to be informed about dangerous or
unsafe materials and machinery in workplace
• Right to participate
– Workers have right to take part actively in
protection of their own health and safety

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 The Role of OH&S Training
• Right to refuse unsafe work
– Workers have a right to refuse unsafe work if they
are asked to perform a task that they deem to be
unsafe or are asked to use equipment that is not
in good repair

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-10

 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Model of
Training:
– A general model of the training process that incorporates
three parts:
• Needs analysis
• Training design and delivery
• Training evaluation
– Notes interdependencies among the three major parts of
the training process

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Instructional Systems Design
Model of Training

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 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Needs Analysis
– Initial stage of the training development processes
– Intended to identify employee and organizational
deficiencies training can address
– Recognizes potential obstacles to successful training
– Types include:
• Organizational analysis
• Job analysis
• Person analysis

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 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Organizational Analysis
– An analysis of the entire organization, designed to
examine resources, strategy, and environment in
order to assess the organization’s support for training
– Can identify the health and safety areas that need
knowledge and skills improvement and that may be
targets for a training program
– Highlight any constraints that may limit the success of
a training program before training is designed and
delivered

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-14

 OH&S Today 9.2
Digital Safety
• Online training is increasingly used by
organizations as a means of managing the
costs associated with safety training (e.g.,
Ontario Ministry of Labour).
• WHMIS is often delivered online.
• Digital training offers more than financial
advantages; it can offer a more interactive
approach to training (e.g., simulations).
Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-15
 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Safety Climate:
– Employees’ shared perceptions of the importance
of safety in the workplace
– Examination of the organization’s safety climate is
one way to determine the extent of organizational
support for a health and safety training program
– Relates to perceptions about safety-related
policies, procedures, and practices that are shared
by all stakeholders in the organization

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-16

 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Job/Task Analysis:
– Component of the training needs analysis process
during which the jobs and specific job tasks that are
in need of training are identified and studied
– Starting point involves identifying the jobs to be
targeted for training
– Some forms of training, such as a basic safety
orientation or a seminar on the role of health and
safety committees, will apply to employees in many
positions within the organization
Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-17
 Health and Safety
Training Programs
• Person Analysis:
– A component of the training needs analysis process
during which individual employees’ behaviour is
studied to identify gaps in performance
– Assessment will investigate the training needs of
individual employees
– Individual employees’ behaviour is considered to
see whether performance meets desired standards

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Health and Safety
Training Programs

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 Training Design and Delivery
1. What are the objectives for training?
2. Will the training program be designed or
purchased?
3. What is the appropriate content for the training?
4. Who will receive the training?
5. Who will deliver the training?
6. Where will the training take place?

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 Training Content
• Training Objectives:
– Statements regarding the knowledge, skills, and
behavioural changes that trainees should acquire
in the training program

• Train the Trainer:

– Programs designed to offer subject-matter experts
in various content areas skills in program delivery
and communication
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 OH&S Notebook 9.1
How to Select Training Providers
• When in-house trainers are not available then
external trainers are used
• Organizations should look for the following
qualities when relying on training providers:
– Wide selection of courses
– Cost saving, help, and support
– Interactive training and current content
– Industry experience
– Competency-based training
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 Training Content
• WHMIS
– Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System; a legislated training program in the
handling of potentially hazardous chemicals in the
workplace that ensures Canadian workers
recognize hazardous materials and are
knowledgeable in emergency procedures
following a chemical spill

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 OH&S Notebook 9.2
Training Delivery Methods
• On-the-job training: • Off-the-job training:
– Job instruction
–
– Lecture
Performance aid
– Job rotation – Discussion
– Apprenticeships – Audio visuals
– Coaching
– Case incident
– Mentoring
– Behaviour modelling
• Technology-based training: – Role-play
– Web-based – Games
– Video/television – Simulations
– CD/DVD
– Teleconference

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 OH&S Notebook 9.3
Learning Theory and Training Delivery
• Behaviourist Perspective
– Training should target specific actions
– Stimuli in training are identical to transfer environment
• Social Learning
– Attention
– Memory
– Motor control
– Motivation
• Experiential Learning
– Knowledge is acquired via direct participation
– New insights are applied to realistic situations
– Trainees reflect on prior and new experiences

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 Training Evaluation
• Training evaluation
– A component of the ISD training model designed
to assess the value added for individuals and
organizations following the implementation of a
training program

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 Training Evaluation
• Assess the value added for individuals and
organizations following implementation of training
program
1. Did the trainees have positive reactions to the training?
2. Did the trainees learn the material covered in the
training?
3. Did the trainees apply what they learned and realize a
change in work behaviour?
4. Did the organization see positive organizational results
following training?

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 Training Evaluation
• Measurement options:
– Reactions to training using surveys, interviews, focus groups
– Trainees’ mastery of information presented
– When task simulation is incorporated into training, evaluators
can assess trainees’ performance during the training program
– On-the-job behaviour using self-report inventories in which
trainees rate own behaviour or supervisors complete a report
on trainees’ actions when performing the task in question
– Observe employees’ on-the-job performance

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 Training Evaluation
• Organizational evaluation:
– Incident, injury, and fatality rates:
• Programs should contribute to reduced accident, injury,
and death rates
– Incidence of close calls
• Occur when accidents or injuries are narrowly avoided
• Effective safety training programs should reduce the
number of near misses

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 Organizational Evaluation
• Organizational evaluation:
– Incidence of lost-time injuries
– Absenteeism
– Workers’ compensation claims and costs
• Successful training programs should decrease incident and
injury rates
– Employee benefit costs
• Effective safety training can contribute to reduced use of
programs such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy
– Safety inspection reports
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Common Safety Training Initiatives
• Safety Orientation
– Ensures all employees are provided with a base
level of health and safety training
– Reinforces development of a safety climate

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Common Safety Training Initiatives
• Safety Orientation
– General orientation to OHS should include
• Fire and emergency safety procedures
• Incident policies
• Hazards unique to the workplace
• Protective personal equipment
• WHMIS training
• Role of JOHS committee
• Roles and responsibilities of individual employees
• Job-specific safety procedures
• Housekeeping and safety awareness
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Common Safety Training Initiatives
• First Aid Training
– Many Canadian employers are required under
OH&S acts to provide first aid training to
employees

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Common Safety Training Initiatives
• WHMIS Training
– Employers are required to:
• Properly store and dispose of hazardous materials
• Ensure workers receive training in handling and using
controlled products

Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9-34

 Video Links
• Training
– Young and New Worker Programs—Introduction, W
orkSafeBC
(5min, 32sec)
– WHMIS 2015 for Employers (5min, 37sec)
– WHMIS 2015 for Employees (4min, 11sec)
– Young Workers: Lost Youth—Four Stories of Injured
Young Workers
(17min, 44sec)
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