Microwave Technology

Presentation by- Group 3

Divya (12)
Ishita Bhardwaj (18)
Vani Chitkara (25)
Megha (39)
Simran Pandit (43)
 Propagation Properties Of Waveguides
With harmonic wave propagation in z-direction this physical field can be represented by an electric field phasor vector Eˆ(x, y, z) so
that:

We first solve Eqs. (6) and (7) for the longitudinal wave field components,

Then we find the transverse components from Eqs. (11) - (14).,

 Propagation Properties Of Waveguides
The electromagnetic waves can be divided into three groups according to the z-components of the electric and magnetic fields.

1. Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves. In this case both Ez and Hz are zero. An example of this is a plane electromagnetic wave
which has both electric and magnetic field perpendicular to the propagation direction.

2. Transverse electric (TE) waves contain no electric field component in the z-direction. However, the magnetic field contains a z-
component.

3. Transverse magnetic (TM) waves contain no magnetic field component in the z-direction. However, the electric field contains a z-
component.
 Revisiting Poynting Theorem
This theorem states that the total complex power fed into a volume is equal to the algebraic sum of the active power
dissipated as heat, plus the reactive power proportional to the difference between the time-average magnetic and electric
energy stored in the volume, plus the complex power transmitted across the surface enclosed by the volume.

The time average of the instantaneous Poynting vector in steady state is given by

<P> = <E x H> = 1/2Re(E x H*)

● where the notation < > stands for the average

● The factor of 1/2 appears in the equation for complex power.
● Re represents the real part of the complex power,
● The asterisk indicates the complex conjugate.
 Applications of poynting Theorem in Waveguides

Determining
● Average dissipated power
● Stored magnetic and electric energies
● Power transmitted into the direction of P.
 Power Transmission In Waveguides

Assumption: 1. No reflection from the receiving end.

2. Infinite long guide compared to propagating wavelength.

Average power dissipated through a rectangular waveguide using complex poynting theorem can be expressed as:

For a lossless dielectric, the time-average power flow through a rectangular guide is given by :

Here, Zg is the internal impedance of the guide

For TEmn modes, the average power transmitted through a rectangular waveguide is given by :

For TMmn modes, the average power transmitted through a rectangular waveguide is given by :

where

is the intrinsic impedance in an unbounded dielectric.

 Losses In Waveguides
There are two types of power losses in a rectangular waveguide:
1. Losses in the dielectric
2. Losses in the guide walls

Power losses caused by Dielectric attenuation:

Case 1: low loss dielectric,

- The propagation constant for a plane wave traveling in an unbounded lossy dielectric,

- The attenuation caused by the low-loss dielectric in the rectangular waveguide for:

TEmn modes,

TMmn modes,

- If, the attenuation constant in the guide approaches that for the unbounded dielectric equation.
- If, the attenuation constant becomes very large and no propagation occurs.
 Losses In Waveguides
Power Losses caused by Guide Walls:

When the electric and magnetic intensities propagate through a lossy waveguide,

where Eo, and Hoz are the field intensities at z = 0.

For a low-loss guide, the time-average power flow decreases proportionally to

Hence,

- For, ,

and where PL is the power loss per unit length.

Consequently, the attenuation constant of the guide walls is equal to the ratio of the power loss per unit length to twice the
power transmitted through the guide.
 Losses In Waveguides
The electric and magnetic field intensities established at the surface of a low-loss guide wall decay exponentially with respect
to the skin depth while the waves progress into the walls.

Surface Resistance,

where = resistivity of the conducting wall in ohms-meter

= conductivity in mhos per meter
= skin depth or depth of penetration in meters

The power loss per unit length of guide is obtained by integrating the power density over the surface of the conductor
corresponding to the unit length of the guide.

where H, is the tangential component of magnetic intensity at the guide walls.

Substituting, where,
Thank You