GEOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:
• Location on World Map
• Total Area( 796,096 sq. km)
• Neighboring Countries
HOW PAKISTAN’S GEOGRAPHY IS
SUPPORTIVE?
1. TRADE:
• Plus point for Pakistan  Warm Water
• Connection with the Persian Gulf through sea
• Karakoram Highway in North (1300 km)
• CPEC Project ( Link Sea ports in Karachi with North of Pakistan)

2. WORLD POLITICS:
• Gateway to Central Asian Countries
• Helps Iran in its $400B Project with China
• Helps China to promote its neo liberal policies( through CPEC)
• Connects Eastern World to the West
 3. TOURISM

• Five of world’s seventeen highest peaks

• Known as “Third Pole” because of extensive glaciers
• Attractive site for tourists
• Pakistan earns foreign exchange
CHALLENGES?
1.INDUS WATER TREATY:
• Head works of important rivers are present in India
• April 1948, India cut water supply
• Damage to economy
• Indus Water Treaty was signed
• India more concentrated to build dams where water enters Pakistan
2. INFLUENCE OF AMERICA:
• America realized importance after independence
• Joined SEATO and CENTO
• Frontline State under American Umbrella of Russian Expansionist
• America invaded Afghanistan after 9/11.
• RESULTS:
• Pakistan itself is facing terrorism
CLIMATIC CHANGE:
• Vulnerable to climatic changes due to geography
• Ozone layer is decreasing due to pollution
• Global Warming  Floods
• NATURAL DISASTERS:
• Land Sliding in Northern Areas
• Greater Earthquakes (is situated on a known high seismic belt )
• Flooding due to heavy rainfalls ( Indus River )
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE:
• Unequal distribution of population ( since not all area is fertile)
• Rapid increase in Urbanization
• Urbanization leads to  Deforestation 
• Soil Erosion Sedimentation
• LOCATED BETWEEN NUCLEAR POWERS:
• Surrounded by India, Russia, China
• Violation at LOC (Line of Control)
• In west, border issue and Tribal unrest
 WARS
• Pakistan has Defensive Foreign Policy
Why are we involved in wars?
1. To protect our sovereignty
2. For Kashmir Cause

Wars Fought by Pakistan

1965 and 1971 with India
In 1999 with India at Kargil
TURBULENT RELATION AT AFGHAN
BORDER
• After 9/11, Terrorist activities aced ( Suicide Bombing )
• Layer of fear among public
• Proper Action after 2016 ( Peshawar Attack)
• Zarb-e- Azab and Rad-ul-Fasad
• Crack down on illegal immigrations and smuggling
• Government decided to fence Pak-Afghan Border
 WAR OF 1965
• Lasted for seventeen days ( 6 September, 1965)
• CAUSES:
• India never accepted Pakistan from bottom of their hearts( wanted to
destabilize Pakistan)
• Kashmir Issue: Pakistan supported Kashmiri people
• Remove stigma of defeat after India’s war with China
• To gain public votes since general elections were to be held in India
 KARGIL WAR
• Fought in 1999, at Kargil ( District Jammu and Kashmir)
• Kashmiri freedom fighters attacked India at Kargil
• India blamed and attacked Pakistan
• Pakistan countered attacked and captured positions in India.
• Ceasefire was signed.
• Due to international pressure, Pakistan had to withdraw its forces
MODERN CHALLENGE:
• Pakistan is still have chance of war with India
• CAUSE: Repeated Indian violations
KULBHUSHAN JADHAV: (2017)
• RAW agent arrested in Balochistan
• India denied him as of serving officer
• Instead of direct action, he was brought in court
• Pakistani court sentenced him to death
• After negotiation with India, he is kept as prisoner in Pakistan’s jail.
• ABHINANDAN case ( 2019)
• Indian Air Force Fighter Abhinandan entered Pakistan
• Was caught for 60 hours
• Pakistan’s Reaction:
• In order to avoid war, Pakistan action was negotiation and a cup of
tea.
 
MEDIA WAR:
• Indian media targets Pakistan
• Blame Pakistan for every extremist activity
• Creates wave of aggression in Indian people
• Disgraces Pakistan and Islam
:
EFFORTS MADE BY PAKISTAN FOR
PEACE
• For maintaining peace, Pakistan is member of OIC, UN, SAARC.
• Pakistan has always opted for negotiations instead of aggression
• Invited India to resolve Kashmir Issue many times
• In west Pakistan is tying to make friendly relations with new Afghan-
Government.