FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SURVEY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTROMAGNETISM
BY
GROUP 1 MEMBERS
LECTURER: SERUNJOGI SOLOMON
1. SAMUEL MUBIRU
2. MUJAWIMANA SARAH
3. MUKIIBI HERBERT
4. TUMWINE PRAISE
5. MUYIMBA CONRAD
PRESENTATION ON VECTOR
ALGEBRA
REVIEW OF VECTOR ANALYSIS

Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which

electromagnetic (EM) concepts are most conveniently
expressed and best comprehended.
A quantity is called a scalar if it has only magnitude (e.g.,
mass, temperature, electric potential, population).
A quantity is called a vector if it has both magnitude and
direction (e.g., velocity, force, electric field intensity).
The magnitude of a vector Ā is a scalar written as A or|Ā|
A unit vector ē along |A| is defines as a vector whose
A

magnitude is unity (that is, 1) and its direction is along |A|.

ēA = Ā = Ā (|ēA| = 1)
|A| A
Thus
Ā = AēA
Which completely specifies Ā in terms of A and its
direction ēA
A vector Ā in Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates may be
represented as

(Ax, Ay, Az) or Ax ēx + Ay ēy + Az ēz

Where Ax, Ay, and Az are called the components of Ā in

the x, y, and z directions, respectively; ēx, ēy, and ēz are
unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.
Suppose a certain vector is given by = 2ēx + 3ēy + 4ēz
The magnitude or absolute value of the vector is
| = = 5.385

(from the Pythagorean theorem)

The Radius Vector

A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented

by specifying (x, y, z). The radius vector (or position
vector) of point P is defined as the directed distance
from the Origin O to P; that is,
= xēx + yē + zēz
y

The unit vector in the direction of r is

ē = xēx + yē + zēz
r y

|
 Vector Algebra

Two vectors and can be added together to give another

vector ; that is,
= +
Vectors are added by adding their individual components.
Thus, if Axēx + Ay ēy + Az ēz and B= B ē + B ē + B ē
x x y y z z

C = (Ax + Bx) ēx + (Ay + By) ēy + (Az + Bz) ēZ

 Parallelogram rule Head to tail rule
Vector subtraction is similarly carried out as
= - = + (-)
= (Ax - Bx) ēx + (Ay - By) ēY + (Az - Bz) ēZ
The three basic laws of algebra obeyed by any given
vector A, B, and C, are summarised as follows:
Law Addition Multiplication
Commutative + = + k=k
Associative +( + ) = +( + ) k() = (kI)
Distributive k( + ) = k + k
Where k and I are scalars
When two vectors and are multiplied, the result is
either a scalar or a vector depending on how they are
multiplied. There are two types of vector multiplication:
1. Scalar (or dot) product: .
2. Vector (or cross) product: x
The dot product of the two vectors and is defined
geometrically as the product of the magnitude of and
the projection of onto (or vice versa):
. = ABAB
Where AB is the smaller angle between and
If = (Ax, Ay, Az) and = (Bx, By, Bz) then
. = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
Which is obtained by multiplying and component by
component.
. = .
.(+)= . + .
. =| =
ēx . ēy = ēy . ē = ēz . ēx = 0
z

ē x . ē x = ēy . ē = ē z . ēz = 1
y
The cross product of two vectors and is defined as
x = ABABēn
Where ēn is a unit vector normal to the plane containing
and . The direction of ēn is determined using the right-
hand rule or the right-handed screw rule.
Direction of x and ēn using
a) right-hand rule,
b) Right-handed screw rule
If If = (Ax, Ay, Az) and = (Bx, By, Bz) then

+ =

= (AyBz - AzBy) + (AzBx - AxBz) + (AxBy - AyBx)

Note that the cross product has the following basic
properties:
(i) It is not commutative: x ≠ x
(ii) It is anticommutative: x =-x
(iii) It is not associative: x(X ) ≠ ( X ) x
(iv) It is distributive: x(+ )= X + X
(v) x = 0 ( = 0)