CLAY & CERAMIC

 Introduction

CLAY
• Clay is naturally occurring mineral that is found almost every where on the surface
of the earth making the soil cover or the soft ground.
• Clay is ideal for tropical conditions in our subcontinent.
• Clay is the oldest known versatile building material which has lasted for centuries sustaining its value and utility, it is the most plastic
and workable material.
• Clay is the most versatile product. It can be molded in to any shape or size without least effort.
• Purest clays consist mainly of kaolinite (2SiO2.Al2O3.2H2O) with small quantities of minerals such as quartz, mica, felspar, calcite,

magnesite, etc.
CERAMIC
• A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and
subsequent cooling.
• Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be
amorphous (e.g., a glass).
• Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and a wide range of ceramic art.
• This category of materials includes things like tile, bricks, plates, glass, and toilets.
 CLAY CLASSIFICATION

1. Residual clays, known as Kaolin or China clay, are formed from the decay of underlying rocks and are used for making pottery.
2. The transported or sedimentary clays result from the action of weathering agencies. These are more disperse, contain impurities, and
free from large particles of mother rocks.
3. Oil-based clays are made from various combinations of oils, waxes and clay minerals.
• Because the oils do not evaporate as water would. Oil-based clays remain malleable even
when left for long periods in dry environments.
• Articles made from oil-based clays cannot be fired, and therefore are not ceramics.
• Oil-based clay is not soluble in water.
• It can be re-used and so is a popular material for animation artists who need to bend & move their models.
4. Water-based clays- It is an extremely versatile water-based clay.
• It's smooth, slow drying, and works great for sculptors seeking a "fast sculpt" medium.
• This clay is still commonly used by professionals in the entertainment industry for masks, modeling,
mockup, and large scale sculptures.
5. Polymer clays – This is a type of modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) which can be hardened. Polymer clay is generally used for making
arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial applications to make decorative
parts.
• Art made from polymer clay can now be found in major museums.
• The clay does not shrink when cured.
6. Ceramic clays are classified into five classes;
• earthenware clays,
• stoneware clays,
• ball clays,
• fire clays and
• porcelain clays.
• All are available commercially in moist, ready-to-use form.
7. Eartheware clays- were some of the earliest clays used by potters.
• The clays are easily worked and can be sticky.
• Earthenware clays contain iron and other mineral impurities which cause the clay to reach optimum
hardness.
8. Stoneware clays - are plastic and are often grey when moist.
• Their fired colors range through light grey and buff, to medium grey and brown.
• Fired colors are greatly affected by the type of firing.
9. Ball clays - cannot be used by themselves due to their excessive shrinkage during drying &
firing.
• They are extremely useful, however, when added to other clays to increase workability and plasticity.
10. Fire clays - vary widely in their characteristics.
• The hallmark is their high firing range.
• They mature at about 2696°F (1500°C).
• Although relatively free from mineral impurities, they tend to have spots of iron which lend a
speckled appearance once fired.
11. Kaolin clays - due to their mineral purity, kaolin clays are used for porcelain.
• Although kaolin clays do have some range in color, they are all very light in color. While moist, they will be
light grey and will fire in the range between a very light grey or buff, to near-white & white.
12. China Clay
• It is the purest type of clay containing very high percentage of mineral Kaolinite.
• It is considered high Grade clay and is used for the manufacturing of crockery and other proclain ware.
13. Fire Clay
• They are also called refractory clay and contain, besides Kaolinite, Silica and alumina in very high temperature without
suffering any deformation off shape given to them at the time of molding.
• They are mainly used in manufacturing of refractory bricks that are of great importance in many metallurgical, mechanical
and chemical operations.
14. Vitrified Clays
• These clays are rich in fluxing compounds like iron oxide & carbonates of calcium & magnesium.
• The Vitrifying clays called hard burnt clay are specially used for manufacturing of facing brick, flooring tiles, sewer pipe
and other similar ornamental and dense clay products.
15. The Brick Clays
• These are low grade clays used most for the manufacturing of building bricks and similar clay products.
• Brick clay are rich in silica, alumina, oxide of iron, calcium, magnesium and organic matter.
• The oxides of iron, calcium and magnesium act as fluxes that fuse easily at brick-making temperature and bind the alumina
and silica particles thoroughly giving the brick desired properties of cohesion and strength.
PROPERTIES
 Physical Properties Of Clays
 
• Plasticity, tensile strength, texture, shrinkage, porosity, fusibility and colour after burning are the physical properties which are the
most important in determining the value of clay. By plasticity is meant the property which wetted clay has of being permanently
deformed without cracking.

• The amount of water required by different clays to produce the most plastic condition varies from 15 to 35 per cent. Although
plasticity is the most important physical property of clay, yet there are no methods of measuring it which are entirely satisfactory.

• The simplest and the most used test is afforded by feeling of the wetted clay with the fingers.  

• The texture of clay is measured by the fineness of its grains. In rough work the per cent passing a No. 100 sieve is determined. No
numerical limit to the grain size or desired relation between sizes has been established. Very fine grained clays free from sand are more
plastic and shrink more than those containing coarser material.
 
Physical properties of ceramics:

• High melting points (so they're heat resistant).

• Great hardness and strength.

• Considerable durability (they're long-lasting and hard-wearing).

• Low electrical and thermal conductivity (they're good insulators).

• Chemical inertness (they're unreactive with other chemicals).

CLAY CRAFTS
Clay craft
• Clay craft is probably one of the earliest creations of man.
• The discovery of the remnants of clay crafts at the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh
(now in Pakistan) points to the existence of Clay pottery as a highly skilled art form as early as 6000 B.C.
• The typical grey coloured pottery known as the ‘Painted Grey Ware’ appeared during the Vedic period (1500-600 B.C.). This marks the
beginning of the Iron Age in Northern India.
• ‘Black and Red Pottery’ flourished in Bengal around 1500 B.C. and continued until the 3rd century B.C. 
• The highly lustrous pottery, known as the ‘Northern Black Polished Ware’, made its appearance in two phases; first, during 700-400
B.C. and later during 400-100 B.C., partly coinciding with the Mauryan Period. 
• “Roulette pottery” have been discovered in Arikamedu near Puducherry, which have been dated at 2nd-1st century B.C.
• The decorated pottery emerged during the Gupta Period (300-600 A.D.), which was characterized by embellishment, painting,
stamping and moulding.
Pottery has been described as the “lyric of handicrafts” because of its irresistible and ‘Khurja Pottery’ (Khurja),

sensual appeal.
In India pottery making is spread over a huge geographical area, giving rise to a beautiful,
distinct and wide range of pottery. 
‘Black Pottery’ (Azamgarh)
Thus, we come across the colourful
• ‘Khurja Pottery’ (Khurja), ‘Black Pottery’ (Azamgarh) and glazed tiles (Chunar and
Chinhat) in Uttar Pradesh;
• ‘Blue Pottery’ made out of ‘Multani mitti’ (Jaipur),
(Chunar and Chinhat)
• ‘Kagzi pottery’(Alwar), ‘Pokhran Pottery’ (Pokhran) and the painted pottery
(Bikaner) in Rajasthan;
• glazed ‘Dalgate Pottery’ (Srinagar) in Jammu & Kashmir;
• ‘Karigiri Pottery’ (South Arcot) in Tamil Nadu;
• ‘Black Pottery’ (Ukhrul) in Manipur;
• ‘Surai’ or the common jug in West Bengal;
Kagzi pottery Blue Pottery
• large storage vessels (Khanapur) in Karnataka;
• ‘Gopichandan’ (Saurashtra) and
Pokhran Pottery
• the beautiful ‘gidya’, ‘patri’ and ‘narele’ crafts in Himachal Pradesh.
Terracotta
• Terracotta (“baked earth”) is hard, semi-fired waterproof ceramic clay, which has
been extensively used for sculpture and architectural edifices, besides making pottery and
bricks.
• The ‘Bankura Horse‘, the ‘Panchmura Horse’ and the Terracotta Temples of Bishnupur
in the Bankura district of West Bengal and the Buddhist ‘viharas’ of the Pala period are the
best specimens of terracotta sculpture in India.

Pottery
• Pottery is associated deeply with the Indian history .
• Madhya Pradesh is one state which in addition to its huge forest reserves is also rich with grasslands, date palm trees and
earthen clay.
• Finery, decoration, the natural saffron colour and experiments with innovative shapes are some of the features that
make this art turn heads.
• Not only decorative items like lamps, vases, paintings and sculptures, but also terracotta bowls, cups and tavas (frying
pans) are now often seen in homes that have taken shape over thousands of years.
• “The chappatis we cook on these tavas are very soft.
• Clay utensils almost preserves all the micro nutrients present in the food like rice and pulses whereas modern utensils like
modern pressure cooker, steel, plastic are unable to preserve most of the micro nutrients rather plastic add some hazards to
the food. Clay utensils that has a great impact on immunity.
CLAY CRAFTS OF INDIA
History of Clay Crafts in India
• Pottery of the Gupta Empire in India (AD300 -AD600) was characterized by decorative bricks, tiles and vessels embellished with painting,
stamping, incising and moulding.
• A wide range of vessels for everyday household use are made with regional variations on design, decoration and ethnic preferences for black or
red firing.
• There are separate shapes for carrying on the head, at the waist or by hand, and special sizes of pot to contain certain measures of rice, oil, milk and
yoghurt. Storage pots for water, grains and dried foodstuffs vary from region to region, their shapes squat or tall, their necks broad or narrow
according to their use.

Types of clay crafts

• Jhuker pottery a famous clay art in India has its roots deeply associated with Harappan civilization.
• According to the archaeological discovery in western Uttar Pradesh, the most acclaimed clay art in the late
Vedic period was the "Red Ware".
• Another notable form of clay art of the Vedic period was "Painted Grey Ware" which comprises dishes,
bowls which were used during the rituals and ceremonies for meal.
• Another form of clay art came into existence was Northern Black Polished Ware.
• Northern Black Polished Ware was a kind of pottery where a very glossy and lustrous kind of fabric was used.
CLAY CRAFTS OF NORTHERN INDIA
BLACK POTTERY
• Clay crafts in Uttar Pradesh are well known for black pottery.
• Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh is famous for black pottery.
• The craftsmen make articles out of the light-yellow and olive coloured clay which has a
very fine texture and shapes very well to different forms.
• The craftsmen of this state create an array of black pottery items that include vases, cups
and saucers, water jugs, plates, jars, and flower pots etc. Various beautiful floral and
geometric designs are then itched to it.

Process :
• After the clay mould is given a desired shape, the items are baked in fire and then are washed with a powdered mango bark and crude
carbonate of soda.
• The surface is then burnished with mustard oil after which a sharp twig is used for decoration.
• The clay wares are then set to smoke firing which gives them the black lustre. After creating the objects, the items are rubbed with oil and then
baked once again.
• The grooves of the design are then filled in by hand with a fine silvery powder that is a mixture of lead, zinc & mercury.
• When the silvery powder is washed with water and polished, the clay wares exude a silvery hue against the black background of the terracotta.
KHURJA POTTERY
• The clay crafts of Uttar Pradesh are also known for the Khurja pottery.
• The fine blend of vibrant hues makes the Khurja pottery eye catching.
• The excellent designs, the texture of the crafted items and the choice of colours add a
touch of beauty to these clay wares.
• Sometimes to sport floral designs, the artisans use sky blue motifs against a white background.
SURAHIS
• A special kind of water pots, which is called surahis in colloquial language, are one of the well admired pots of
Uttar Pradesh, stand uniform for green-blue glazes with plain surfaces.
• The base of this pot is made of red clay.

Chinhat in Lucknow and Mausalia are the other centres for creating admirable clay wares that include tableware
and other items that are skilfully decorated with colour.
• Mausalia produces a special kind of clay ware with a dark lustrous body.
• This sheen is obtained by dipping it into a solution of clay and vegetable matter, dried, then rubbed with a
vegetable oil, and then baked in fire.
BLUE POTTERY
• Clay crafts of Delhi are predominantly based on Blue pottery which was
introduced to India from the land of Persia.
• The clay they used in creating the clay crafts of Delhi was predominantly blue in colour.
• The technique of Blue pottery which is the use of blue glaze on pottery made from Multani mitti (Fuller's earth).
• At the basic period, the Blue pottery was predominantly used in creating tiles to decorate mosques, tombs & palaces.

HIMACHAL PRADESH 
• Potters enjoy a relatively higher standard of living.
• The potters, involved in the clay craft of Himachal Pradesh, are known as 'kumhars’
by the local people.
• The artisans are adept at creating clay items like pots, toys, money banks, pitchers,
bowls, platters, cups, & lamps, flower vases of different shapes and sizes that are praised among the local people.
• These items are decorated with white patterns drawn with Golu clay.
• The clay wares of Himachal Pradesh are found in its various forms like gidya, patri and narele etc.
• The figurines of Hindu gods and goddesses are made and painted in the most beautiful shades along with many accessories. These idols of
various gods and goddesses are worshipped in various festivals of Himachal Pradesh.
 The various types of pots which are prepared in Himachal Pradesh are
• Gharra for containing water,
• Muggi for carrying water to the fields,
• Gharau for boiling milk - different sizes,
• Dhunnu for boiling milk,
• Tudhunu for boiling milk and buttermilk,
• Muggru to carry milk for sale,
• Kawradu and Dhialu for yoghurt,
• Girriya for ghee,
• Parru small container for general use,
• Katori for vegetables,
• Girya for pickles and ghee,
• Kanatu for water drained from rice then given to the animals Handi for cooking,
• Kangri charcoal burning heater used in the winter Hooka and

ANDRETTA POTTERY
• A 20-minute drive from Palampur in the Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh brings you to Andretta, a
quaint artist village, said to be established by an Irish theatre artiste & environmentalist called Norah
Richards, who lived there during the Partition.
• If pottery exists today, it is all because of the wear and sweat of one man- Mr. Gurcharan Singh.
CLAY CRAFTS OF SOUTHERN INDIA
TAMIL NADU 

• Clay Crafts of Tamil Nadu are famed for making terracotta items with a wide range
of variety ranging from utilitarian items to decorative pieces that catch the fancy of
modern and urban people.
• The prominent centers of Clay craft of Tamil Nadu are located in Chennai,
Kanchipuram and parts of Arcot district. 

• Vellore in north Arcot district - Black & Red earthenware

• Kanchipuram - clay-toy making center.
• Usilampatti, Madurai - Black pottery
• The articles in this form of clay crafts are painted with a special yellow material.
• Karigiri in south Arcot - ‘Namakatte’, toy animals especially the toy zoo which is a collection of wild
animals. 
• A wide variation is maintained in creating a special kind of comic toys called 'Chettiar' toys which are
comical in appearance with traditional attire, sacred thread and a paunch.
• A special kind of toy called 'Gundu Chettiar’ - the toys are also used for religious purposes.
• Clay pipe chillum is made into a notable item both through its elegant shape and its deep blue or green varnish.
• Water jugs, tableware items including tea and dinner sets, ashtrays, beautifully decorated flower vases and decorative animal
figures and paperweights.

PROCESS –
• On the first level, plaster of Paris is mixed with tapioca powder to form a paste which is dried till it can be rolled into layers.
• This paste is then transformed into moulds.
• Rock clay is used after being properly moistened.
• Then this is pushed into the mould dusted with French chalk powder to make it easily removable.
• This mould is then exposed to heat and then the final mould is prepared.
• After preparing the mould, the artisans give shape to the different items as per his desires.
• The items are then coloured by the women.
CLAY CRAFTS OF CENTRAL INDIA
TERRACOTTA
• Clay Crafts of Madhya Pradesh are known for the terracotta items.
• The art of creating terracotta items is one of the oldest traditions in India.
• Process - process of moulding and decorating the clay items.
• Clay crafts involve decorating the created items with great artistry after it is dried & baked properly.
• The colours of terracotta articles & figures are found in pink, red, brown to light & dark grey colours.
• The artisans create famous traditional statues of elephants, serpents, birds and horses which stand unique in their
simplicity and rustic tone.

BUNDELKHAND
• The  terracotta of Madhya Pradesh stands apart for the life-size images of human forms.
• These tiles are shaped like half tubes and the figures of elephants, monkeys, bears, reptiles, gods and
goddesses are placed on top of them.
• Conventional dolls and toy making are another items.
• The handmade clay toys of Madhya Pradesh are prepared in hollow shapes & sometimes the clay toys are
formed with solid figures.
• Animal figures like horses, elephants, dogs, lions, birds, deer and bulls are made on wheels.
CLAY CRAFTS OF WESTERN INDIA
• The clay crafts in MAHARASHTRA are mainly carried out by women and most of the male members of
the community have engaged themselves in factory works. They make a range of different sized water and
grain storage pots for the approaching Shivaratri 
festival to celebrate the wedding of Lord Shiva & Parvati.

• KUTCH has a rich tradition particularly in the decorative arts of pottery, embroidery, printed and woven
textiles, wall painting, jewellery and leatherwork.
• Clay Crafts of Kutch also have a different dimension besides the normal pot making.
• Lodai and Khavda are important regions in the district of Kutch which are known for its clay crafts.

LODAI
The various types of vessels that are prepared in Lodai are dry storage vessels for grain and flour, vessels for
liquids include those for carrying water, storing water, making and storing buttermilk. Very large vessels for
water storage known as kothi are also made by the potters of Lodai.
CLAY CRAFTS OF EASTERN INDIA
The clay crafts of Orissa are also known for the terracotta pottery which is done with refined clay.
• The clay items that are created by the terracotta process need the partially dried refined clay and then the
cast is done.
• The mould then is given the desired shape and is placed in a furnace or atop combustible material in a pit
for drying.
• The artisans create utensils that range from plates, khullars or the earthen tea cups, jars and many
other kitchen items. 
• Finishing touch with the natural terracotta colour.
• Animal figurines of bulls, elephants and horses are also found among the clay articles of Orissa.

The clay crafts of West Bengal have got its recognition because at the time of cultural refinement and
progression, the craft got the Royal patronage and the artisans got the encouragement to develop this unique
craft.
• The artisans create different items out of clay and to give the items a distinct style and lustre a lot of
techniques are followed by the artisans.
CLAY & CERAMIC IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
INTERIORS & PRODUCT DESIGN
 CLAY PRODUCTS
 
• Clay products are one of the most important classes of structural materials.
• The raw materials used in their manufacture are clay blended with quartz,
sand, chamatte (refractory clay burned at 1000 -1400 o C and crushed), slag,
sawdust and pulverized coal.
• Structural clay products or building ceramics are basically fabricated by molding, drying and burning a clay mass.
• Higher the bulk specific gravity, the stronger is the clay product.
• According to the method of manufacture and structure, bricks, tiles, pipes, terracotta, earthenware's, stoneware's, porcelain,
and majolica are well recognized and employed in building construction.
• Clay bricks have pleasing appearance, strength and durability whereas clay tiles used for light-weight partition walls and floors
possess high strength and resistance to fire. Clay pipes on account of their durability, strength, lightness and cheapness are
successfully used in sewers, drains and conduits.
Clay as a Building Material
• It is the eco- friendly building material available on earth. The common red clay used for
the production of tiles is the most abundantly available mineral, with high plasticity and
workability in wet condition. 
• Clay is a healthy solution for modern day building construction.
• Clay was selected as the choice of material for various favorable reasons including the commercial considerations, natural availability
and recyclable nature of clay.
• Clay when fired leads to a porous structure which are filled with air when dry thus providing the best of the insulation properties largely
useful to regulate the temperature (keeping cool in summers and warm in winters).
These clay products used in building construction.
• Bricks
• Tiles
• Roofing Tiles & Flooring Tiles
• Earthen Ware.
• Sanitary Wares.
• Stone Wares.
• Refractories.
• Porcelain etc.
Bricks:     
• It is an artificial material of construction in the form of clay blocks of uniform size and shape.
• Clay is mixed with a desirable quantity of water and other ingredients, molded-in required form, dried & then
burnt in, a kiln.
The clay used for manufacturing bricks should constitute of following ingredients
• Alumina or Clay 20 to 30% by weight.
• Silica or Sand 35 to 50% by weight.
• Silt 20 to 35% by weight.
• Lime, oxide of iron 1 to 2% by weight Magnesia Oxide.
• Manganese.

Tiles
Roofing Tiles
Being a clay product, they are used Allahabad Tiles Flemish Tiles Mangalore Tiles Corrugated or Flat Tiles.

to serve as covering for pitched roof.

The various roof tiles available in
the market are.

 Pot/Pan Tiles. Guna Tiles.

 TILES

• A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, or even glass. Tiles are
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.

Types of Tiles: There are many types of tiles used for residential and commercial applications.
1. Roof tiles
2. Floor tiles
3. Pebble tiles
4. Ceiling tiles
5. Wall tiles

ROOF TILES FLOOR TILES PEBBLE TILES CEILING TILES WALL TILES
Uses:
Here are some places around the home that can benefit from tile applications.

COUNTER BATHROOM BACKSPLASH FLOORING

WALL ACCENTS
EXTERIOR
 TERRACOTTA

Glazed architectural terracotta Ceramic veneer terracotta

Terracotta Designs Outside Kantajew

Temple, Bangladesh
Fireproof construction terracotta Brownstone terracotta
TYPICAL USES
Typical historical uses for terra cotta included:
- Sculpture
- Unglazed units used for structural purposes
- Glazed units for building exteriors
CERAMIC PRODUCTS TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS
• Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen  
elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired • CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS – These
forms. are not amenable to a great range of
• Once the ceramic has been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature processing. Ceramic forming techniques
oven known as a kiln. include shaping by hand, slip casting, tape
• Often, ceramics are covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like casting, etc.
substances known as glazes. • NON – CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS –

USES Being glass tend to be formed from melts.

• Structural, including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles. It is widely used for cooktops.

• Refractories, such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass
making crucibles.
• Whitewares, including tableware, cookware, wall tiles, pottery
products and sanitary ware.
• Technical, also known as engineering, advanced, special, and fine
ceramics.
Refractories:
• Refractories indicates those substances which are able to resist high temperature.
It normally possesses the following properties.
• It should have good resistance to rapid changes in temperature, having a high melting point.
• Its dimensional stability should not change due to high & rapid changes in temperature.
• It should be strong enough to resist compressive, crushing, and tensile forces in hot or cold conditions.
• They are used in the manufacture of fire and refractory bricks, crucibles, lining materials for furnaces hollow tiles,
silica bricks, magnesia bricks, etc.

Sanitary Ware:
• Water closest, lavatory & wash-basins. Urinals, sewer & Pipes, Glazed Tiles, etc. are used for
sanitation purposes. These items are known as Sanitary Wares. They are manufactured by burning
Refractory clay, kaolin, Quartz, Felspar, stone, and crushed pottery at high temperature and cooled
slowly.
STONE WARE
• Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire
clay.
• Stoneware is fired at high temperatures.
• It is nonporous and so does not need a glaze

TYPES OF STONE WARE

Traditional stoneware Fine stoneware Chemical stoneware Thermal shock resistant stoneware

Electrical stoneware
 EARTHEN WARE
• Earthenware articles are prepared from clay, which is burnt at low temperatures and cooled slowly.
• It is soft and porous, but after Glazing, it becomes impervious to water.
• It is manufactured by adding required quantity of sand, crushed pottery, etc. to clay.
• Earthenware is the term for pottery that has not been fired to the point of vitrification and is thus
porous.
• Earthenware is a type of clay that when fired to make pottery is soft and can be scratched with a
knife. It is opaque and has an earthy or granular fracture. It is generally easier to shape on the wheel
than porcelain. Due to its porosity earthenware must be glazed in order to be watertight.
• Earthenware articles may be thick and heavy or as thin as bone china and porcelain, though they are
not translucent and are more easily chipped. They are less strong than stoneware.
Porcelain
• Porcelain (also known as china or fine china) is a ceramic material made by heating materials,
generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C.
Porcelain can informally be referred to as "china" or "fine china.
• Properties associated with porcelain include
• low permeability
• Elasticity
• considerable strength
• Hardness
• Toughness
• Whiteness
• translucency
• resonance
• and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock.
Ceramic products - Structural

Ceramic bricks Ceramic pipes Ceramic floor tiles

Ceramic roof tiles

Ceramic products - Whitewares

Ceramic tableware Ceramic cookware

Ceramic white pottery Ceramic sanitary

Ceramic wall tiles
Ceramic products - Decor

Ceramic lamps Ceramic wall hanings

Ceramic vases
Ceramic products - Decor

Ceramic statues Ceramic planters

Ceramic pen stand

 Reinaldo Sanguino, Chris Designer Chris Wolston Liselotte Watkins 
Wolston, & Floris Wubben

Designer’s Clay Creations

British artist John Booth  The Korean-born ceramic artist Ahryun Lee 

THANK YOU