GLASS

THE ORIGINS OF GLASS

• Glassmaking was discovered 4,000 years ago, or more, in Mesopotamia.

• The Roman historian Pliny attributed the origin of glassmaking to Phoenician

sailors. He recounted how they landed on a beach near Ptolemais (in modern-
day Israel), propped a cooking pot on some blocks of natron (a naturally-
occurring alkali substance) they were carrying as cargo, and made a fire
over which to cook a meal.

• To their surprise, the beach sand beneath the fire melted and ran in a liquid
stream that later cooled and hardened into glass. Though this is an
interesting explanation, this scenario is not possible since a cooking fire cannot
reach the melting temperature of glass, and the story most likely involved
Ptolemais because its beach sand was historically known to be heavily used for
glassmaking.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS

HARDNESS AND BRITTLENESS

It is a hard material as it has great impact resistance against applied load. However, at the same time, it is a brittle material as its breaks
immediately when subjected to load.

WEATHER RESISTANCE

• It is weather resistant as it can withstand the backlash of rain, sun and wind.

• It can absorb, reflect and refract light as it enables us to control and manipulate natural light to influence our daily activities and regulate
our mental and physical health.

• It has great dimensional stability as it has low thermal expansion value. (i.e. its change in volume with respect to temperature change as
compared to other materials is very low.)

INSULATION

• It is an excellent insulator against heat, electricity and electromagnetic radiation because of its good insulating response against visible
light transmission.

• Certain special type of glass has high resistance against ultra-violet, infrared and x-ray transmission. It has an excellent resistance against
sound transmission provided used with appropriate thickness.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

• It can withstand the effect of the chemical reaction under different environment conditions or acidic effects.

• It has excellent resistance to most chemicals including solutions of inorganic alkalis and acids such as ammonia and sulfuric acid.

COLOR AND SHAPE VARIETIES

• It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any color, shape, and variety and is available in the market depending upon their use, dimensional
requirements, and safety requirement.

TRANSPARENCY

• The transparency is one such property of glass which creates a visual connect with the outside world. With the advent of technology, clear
glass can also be altered, making it opaque.
GLASS CRAFT
Glass as Versatile Material

• Glass has been a fascinating material ever since it was discovered.

• Glass has its properties as a transparent glazing material in construction. It has various architectural applications in doors, windows,
partition, etc. A journey from a humble beginning as a window pane to being a sophisticated structural member in modern age, glass has
travelled a long way.

• Being an open hard substance created by giving heat to sand or quartz, glass forms an inorganic, transparent or translucent material which
can be moulded into any shape.

• It is a mixture of raw materials like Silica, sodium potassium carbonate, lime or lead oxide, Manganese oxide which are grounded, sieved
and mixed in specific proportion and melted in the furnace. It makes an excellent medium possessing diversified uses and properties.
Glass Craft

Building Craft Utility Craft Decorative Craft

Glass House Glass ware –Dishes Crockery Lamp & Chandelier
Glass/Mirror Panes Mirror Vase Jar
Stained glass/Tinted Glass Jewelry Candle Holder
Theekri and Mosaic Sculpture
Glass Mulch
GLASS AS BUILDING MATERIAL (Building Craft)
• Glass nowadays is an integral part of many facades and roofs. This material can be easily shaped and installed, crating in this way the
structures which are gripping and dominating. However, apart from esthetic criteria, a contemporary structure must meet a number of
criteria which are necessary for creation of adequate comfort within a structure.

• In order to improve the comfort of the occupants by an increase in the quality of interior space and optimization of natural resources, it is
necessary to conceive of a building with an "interactive" envelope.

• The transparency and translucency of glass has historically given an aesthetic quality to architecture like no other material. It gives a
building the ability to change, to move, and to create certain environments.

• There are hundreds of glass compositions as well as different coatings, colors, thicknesses, and laminates, all of which affect the way light
passes through the material

Contemporary glass may adapt to variety of Architectural Forms

Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei The Glass House by Philip Johnson

Kanagawa-Institute-of-
Technology-Glass-Building

GLASS HOUSE
Interior of the Building
 Glass Panes:
“glass pane are referring to the actually sheet of glass that makes up a window.
A glass pane is built into the frames of window to create a spotless view,
eliminate air flow.

Mirror Panes:

GLASS /MIRROR PANES

Coating one side of a piece of glass with shiny metals can turn it into a
mirror, reflecting light coming toward it.
Window glass can reflect only eight percent of light hitting it, while
mirrors can reflect 95% of light hitting them.
the glass in mirror is usually coated with a layer of silver or aluminum.
Stained Glass

• The term stained glass refers to colored glass as a material and to works created from it.

• Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the
windows of churches and other significant religious buildings.

• Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern
stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Tiffany Studios "Venetian" desk
lamp, c. 1910–20

• The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held
together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.

STAINED GLASS
• Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design.

• The term stained glass is also applied to windows in enameled glass in which the colors have been painted onto the glass and then fused
to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window.
window from Chartres showing extensive use of the window showing the combination of painted
cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, glass and intense colour common in
details of amber and borders of flashed red glass. Renaissance windows

Windows within a building may be thematic, for example:

• Within a church – episodes from the life of christ;

STAINED GLASS
The South Transept windows
• Within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; from Chartres Cathedral

• Within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences

• Within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape.

Tinted Glass

• Tinted glass is nothing but colored glass. A color producing ingredients is mixed to the normal glass mix to produce colored glass which does
not affect other properties of glass. Different color-producing ingredients are tabulated below:

Different Types of Ions Used to Produce Various Colors in Glasses

Coloring ion Color

Iron oxide Green
Sulphur Blue
Manganese dioxide Black
Cobalt Blue
Chromium Dark green
Titanium Yellowish brown
Uranium Yellow

TTINTED GLASS
TTINTED GLASS
 Theekri/Glass Mosaic
• The art of inlaying hand cut pieces of mirrors using diamond scalpels into perfect shapes and arranged into frescos on the ceiling and the
walls to form geometric mirrored mosaic patterns is known as “thikri” or mirror inlay or glass mosaic.
• Udaipur, one of Rajasthan's most prominent towns, is very famous for its lakes and palaces. This town, known as the 'Jewel of Mewar,'
was built in 1553 by Maharana Udai Singh, on the banks of Lake Pichola, claimed to be the most romantic city in the colorful and
heritage-rich royal state of Rajasthan.
• This town has a heritage craft that will make everyone fall in love with Thikri.

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

These lovely thikri art pieces created by artisan Rajesh Anant himself at Glass Inlay in Udaipur
Design and motifs: When looked upon the earliest evidences of the craft the design and motifs were mostly restricted to floral and
ornamental theme. But with time and demand from customers from all across the globe, Craftsmen have started to take up anything that can
be transformed in form of Glass Inlay.

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

Thikri work wall Decor Wall Tree Project On Ceiling On Bathroom Interior
Innovations in Technique: In the earlier times the art of Glass inlay was restricted be done on a wall , but with innovations in the process
and application craftsmen came up with other mediums upon which the craft could be practiced such as wooden boards , furniture ,
wooden articles and many more.

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

Bringing traditional art forms to add an ethnic touch to regular furniture,
here is a trunk gleaming with glass inlay work, a statement piece indeed

A peek inside the gorgeous mirror

mosaic-ed walls of Amer Fort in Jaipur,
Rajasthan.
Material used accessibility to the raw material its cost and procurement :

1. Thikri Kaanch (Thikri Glass) Curved Metallic Glass Scrap Procurement : Desi Bhatti (Furnaces ) , from Gujarat
2. Flat Glass
3. Fevicol
4. Marble Powder
5. Lime
6. Putty

Choice of material, design, and motifs with the time period

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

Change In material:

Flat glass: In the earlier times the glass was imported from Belgium, considering it the finest! But with time the price seems to be an
issue and also competition from other producers as well. As of now there has been a change from Belgium to America as a source of Flat
glass.
 Technique of Glass Inlay:

Step 1: A drawing is drawn on a paper Step 2: The OHP sheet is split into Step 3: The OHP parts are then traced Step 4: Mirrors are then segregated
and then is traced on an OHP sheet the various parts of the drawing onto the final mirror pieces according to according to their color, shape, size
traced upon it and is then stacked their colours and Specifications. and number of pieces.
in a specific sequence of big to

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

small
 Technique of Glass Inlay:

Step 8: Base is covered with

Step 5: The magic begins! Skilled Step 6: The pieces are cut, arranged Step 7: A mixture of marble
fevicol
craftsmen then cut the mirror pieces into the original sequence and are powder, lime and putty is
according to the outline with a Hirakni pasted onto their places. prepared

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

(Diamond Cutter)
 Technique of Glass Inlay:

Step 9: The putty and marble powder Step 10: The original mirror pieces are Step 11:The thin layer of paper is Step 12: Completion and finishing
mixture is applied evenly on the base applied onto the putty base wetted and peeled off the surface touches
and then flattened with a planer

THIKRI/ GLASS MOSAIC

Traditional vocabulary of the craft Not every motif and designhas a word for it in the vocabulary, but some have:

• Lehariya Style
• Madrum Jaali
• Khaanche
• Ankhon wali jaali
 Landscape Mulch / Ground Cover – Glass Uses

• The glass is long lasting and keeps its beautiful color.

• Permanent landscaping mulch that never fades and needs little maintenance”

• Unique alternative to traditional mulches

• Glass can be used in a variety of projects including terrazzo, fireplaces, fire pits, driveways, parking
lots, walkways and much more.
Glass as Utility Craft

Glass is a transparent, hard material that can be easily molded into desired shapes.

It is produced by the application of heat into sand. So, it can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape and thus used for different kind of
products such as Glass ware, Jewelry, décor Product etc.
Manufacturing of Mirror

• Mirrors are usually manufactured by either polishing a naturally reflective material, such as speculum metal, or by applying a reflective
coating to a suitable polished substrate.
• In some applications, generally those that are cost-sensitive or that require great durability, such as for mounting in a prison cell, mirrors
may be made from a single, bulk material such as polished metal. However, metals consist of small crystals (grains) separated by grain
boundaries that may prevent the surface from attaining optical smoothness and uniform reflectivity

produce high-level silvered mirrors and aluminized

mirrors. The principle here is to form a thin film on the
surface of the glass in a vacuum environment. The coating
mirrors produced by this production line are anti-
oxidation, anti-corrosion and high temperature resistant.
Applications
Personal grooming

Mirrors are commonly used as aids to personal grooming

They may range from small sizes, good to carry with oneself, to full body sized; they may be handheld, mobile, fixed or adjustable.
A classic example of the latter is the cheval glass, which may be tilted
Applications
Safety and easier viewing (Convex Mirror)
Convex mirrors provide a wider field of view than flat mirrors, and are often used on vehicles, especially large trucks, to
minimize blind spots. They are sometimes placed at road junctions, and corners of sites such as parking lots to allow people to
see around corners to avoid crashing into other vehicles or shopping carts.

Rear-view mirrors

Mouth mirrors or "dental

mirrors
Convex mirror placed at
the parking garage.

A side-mirror on a racing car

Applications
Technology

Solar power

Parabolic troughs near 

Harper Lake in 
California
Televisions

instrument

Deformable thin-shell mirror. It is 1120 millimetres across but just 2

millimetres thick, making it much thinner than most glass windows.
Jewllery

jewelry makers use Glass in their creations, glass jewelry comes in many shapes and forms: from the beautiful flowers embedded in
millefiori jewelry to the chunky, shiny shapes of dichroic glass.

The process of making glass jewelry is fascinating, with colors melting into one another as unusual shapes and patterns. Because each piece
of glass jewelry is truly one of a kind, it is one of the most unique fashion statements’

From there, artists can make glass beads, pendants, glass earrings and glass rings. Many glass-jewelry makers take their glass pieces and
mount them with silver or gold bezels to make these glass “gems” the centerpiece of their jewelry. Other times, they can mold the glass into
a ring or pendant without using any metal, so it stands alone.
Types of Glass Jewelry
Glass jewelry is only limited by the imagination of the maker. There are
several standard types you will find glass artisans crafting:

Fused-glass jewelry –

• This type of jewelry is usually used in pendants and earrings and is

considered to be a one-of-a-kind work of art.

• Also called art glass, these pieces are made by layering small cut pieces
of colored glass together until the desired pattern is achieved.

• This layered piece of glass is then put into a kiln and fired to a
temperature between 1200 and 1700 degrees Fahrenheit.

• After the glass has melted, or “fused” together, it is removed from the kiln and cooled. It can then be shaped and mounted into almost any
setting. Because the colored glass flows together, not unlike a painting, the artist often has limited control over the results.

• Many glass artists draw their designs on a piece of paper before they fuse the colors, but because of the liquid nature of the glass, no two
pieces are exactly alike.
Dichroic-glass jewelry 

• This type of glass jewelry is made in much the same way as fused-glass jewelry, but it has
its own distinct look.

• It is made of pieces of sparkling, shimmering material that is then mounted onto clear or
black glass.

• Dichroic glass is actually 50 micro-thin layers of different metals that were developed by
NASA for astronauts’ facemasks to protect them from radiation.

• The colors of dichroic glass shift and meld together when they are fired, so these designs
tend to be flowing in nature. After the pieces are lifted from the kiln and cooled, it is treated
like fused glass and made into jewelry of almost any type.
Glass beads 

• These are tiny works of art that are strung together as bracelets or
necklaces, or mounted into glass-jewelry rings and earrings.

• They are made with a process called lampwork, which uses a very hot
torch to melt glass rods into any number of colorful patterns. Colored
glass rods are heated with a table-mounted torch.

• As the molten glass forms a liquid drop on the end of the rod, it is
wrapped around a stainless-steel mandrel to form a bead of any size.
Smaller colored rods are then melted onto the beads to form
multicolored designs.

• After the beads are finished, they are usually put into a kiln to be
annealed so they won’t break as they cool
Murano glass 

• Also called “Venetian glass” or “millefiori,” this type of glasswork was

developed centuries ago on an island off of Venice, Italy.

• The process of using the ends of glass rods to make many small flowers inside
the glass, makes this type of glass unique and easy to spot.

• Each piece must be made by hand and true Murano glass pieces can be
expensive. Because the glassmakers on the island of Murano have been
working for centuries.

Sea glass
• Sea-glass jewelry has a loyal following of people who have an affinity with
the sea.

• True sea glass is made when a broken piece of glass is thrown into the sea
where it is tumbled and pounded by the sand and waves until it emerges
smooth and opaque on the beach. Artisans comb beaches all over the world to
find these sea gems and make them into all kinds of jewelry.

• Certain colors, such as red or cobalt blue, are harder to find and can
consequently be more expensive. One popular jewelry-making method is to
take individual pieces of sea glass and wrap them with gold or silver wire to
form a pendant, earrings or bracelets.
Glass as Decorative Craft
“Glass is the most magical of all materials. It transmits light in a special way.”
CHIHULY
Sculpture on a grand scale
Chihuly’s Chandeliers are composed of hundreds of blown glass elements that together, make up elaborate, intricate compositions.
Chihuly has created them for spaces indoors and out, all around the world.

Opal and Amber Towers, 2018

Radiant Yellow Icicle Chandelier,
Sunset Chandelier, 2019, 17 x 9 x 8' Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London,
2018, 11 x 6 x 6'
Franklin Park Conservatory and installed 2019
Groninger Museum, Groningen,
Botanical Gardens, Columbus, Ohio
Netherlands
https://www.chihuly.com/work/installations
Creating a wall of color
In 1997, Chihuly began using glass elements originally meant for Chandeliers to create Sconces—glass sculptures that project from a
wall. Chihuly often clusters these sculptures, creating a sweeping and dynamic installation.

Neon Orange Persian Wall

Transforming everyday spaces

Turquoise and Gilded Sconce
Persians are dynamic, asymmetrical forms that
take on a dramatic new presence when placed
together in pedestal compositions and ceiling
installations, called Pergolas. Bursting with
color, these unexpected installations invite
people to interact with art in a new way. Toyama Persian Ceiling, 2015, Toyama
Glass Art Museum, Japan
GLASS IN INTERIORS
 Why is glass used in interior design?
When it comes to using of materials in interior designing, glass plays a major role as it adds the required amount of style and
sophistication, and is a material that is very much in trend and widely used in this industry. ... Glasses in interiors are used on doors,
windows, roofs, walls and are even used as a partition.

• Glass allows light in and prevents air and water so buildings can be naturally lit, and have views to the outside but still provide
shelter.
• Glass however does not usually shelter from heat or cold.
• Glass gives a aesthical look and there is no such type of rusting impediment. It gives a serene feel.

GLASS AND LIGHT

• Glass is an element that helps us to achieve this goal of creating an empty space.
• It’s transparency let’s light through, giving us the feeling that a space it is empty and
spacious, transforming what could be a dark and gloomy interior.
• It’s the optimal solution for room that receive too little light.
Types Of Decorative Glasses

Decorative glasses are the best way to add some contemporary and creative impression to your room either internally or externally.

Channel Glass - The system consists of self-supporting cast

glass channels and an extruded metal perimeter frame. The
end result is a wall that obscures vision but allows light to
pass through.

Bent/Curved Glass -Flat glass is heated to an appropriate temperature over a

mould with a predetermined profile. As the glass heats it becomes softer and
slumps to the form of the mould.

Textured Glass - It has a repeating shallow pattern and are widely used by both commercial and domestic for
decorating the interiors for creating a contemporary look.
Types Of Decorative Glasses

Silvered Glass Fused Glass Stained Glass - This product is

used to form decorative or
pictorial designs, typically by
setting contrasting pieces in a lead
framework like a mosaic and used
for church windows.

Heat Strengthened Glass - Mainly the glass is used on residential Back Painted Glass Dichroic Glass
as well as commercial buildings. Strength, breakage pattern &
thermal are some unique properties of this product.
Types Of Glasses

Flat Glass Printed Glass Acoustic Glass Coloured Glass

Special Glass Extra Clear Glass Mirror Glass

When It Comes To INTERIOR DESIGN, Glass Has Many Uses.

Glass Stairs made popular by architect Peter Brohlin’s for the iconic Fifth
Avenue Apple Store in New York, have started to show up in many a residence.
Because of its transparency, the staircase seems to float, blocking neither light
nor view. And in many ways it becomes, with its lightness and transparency, an
ethereal, contemporary sculpture.

Glass Railings
Glass Floors
Glass Floors are often used in conjunction with glass
stairs and mostly on upper floors of a house were we
seek to bring more light under it.
It makes most sense to use these under a sky lit roof.

Glass Walkways
Glass Walkways allows us to be enclosed yet open to the view.
When closed the walkway connects two sides of the house, but it
does so in dramatic fashion.
The cove lighting and subtle barrel-vaulted wood ceiling are nice
touches.
 Glass Ceiling Glass Bathroom

Glass Blocks
Glass Blocks are very versatile, they can be used up as a Glass Basin
solid wall a window or as flooring

Glass Tap
Tabletops
• When it comes to glass, this material is capable of helping us
achieve the goal of making space appear less cluttered, visually.
• Its property of transparency gives a feeling of cleanliness &
spacious interiors and helps transform spaces.
• Getting tabletops made out of glass is a great idea for anyone
who’s trying to add that dainty touch to their tables.

Glass Doors & Partitions

• Glass partitions can do both — divide and decorate.
• Glass doors and dividers are perfect for compact apartments where you are
required to make the most of available light and open the space up.
• These transparent beauties are best used in common areas where privacy is
not a concern.
Closets & Cabinets
• A clear variety of glass is used for display and crockery
cabinets.
• Frosted glass can be used for cabinets in the kitchen, bedroom
and study areas where the primary function is storage.

Lanterns & Lighting Fixtures

• Lighting is an integral part of setting the tone for a home.
• Glass is extensively used in lighting fixtures. In fact, a variety of glasses such as
stain glass, tinted glass and plain glass can be used for mood lighting.
GLASS IN PRODUCT DESIGN
Glass is an unlimited and innovative material that has plenty of applications. It is an essential component of numerous products that we use
every day, most often without noticing it.
It is clear that modern life would not be possible without glass!

Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products:

• Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals)
• Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls)
• Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement structures)
• Interior design and furniture's (mirrors, partitions, balustrades, tables, shelves, lighting)
• Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook top, TV, computer screens, smart-phones)
• Automotive and transport (windscreens, backlights, light weight but reinforced structural components of cars, aircrafts, ships, etc.)
• Medical technology, biotechnology, life science engineering, optical glass
• Radiation protection from X-Rays (radiology) and gamma-rays (nuclear)
• Fiber optic cables (phones, TV, computer: to carry information)
• Renewable energy (solar-energy glass, windturbines) 
• Lead Glass – Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead
replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass.

• Borosilicate glass – Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with the main glass-forming

constituents' silica and boron oxide. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low
coefficients of thermal expansion (∼5 × 10 −6/ °C at 20 °C) making them resistant to
thermal shock more so than any other common glass. Borosilicate glass is more resistant to
thermal shock than tempered glass, under sufficiently extreme temperature changes it
can still break; it's also more likely than tempered glass to break if you drop it.

• Special Glass- Special glass is used for special technical and scientific applications. Its
composition can vary and it includes numerous chemical elements. Examples of special
glass are lenses, glass products used by the electrical and electronics industries and glass
ceramics.
FLAT GLASS HOLLOW WARE SPECIAL GLASS
• Glazing • Insulating vessels • Laboratories, pharmaceuticals.
• Window panes • Glass jewellery • Electronic gadgets
• Furniture (table tops, etc.) • Packaging glassware • Optical and ophthalmic glass
• Different types of mirrors • Tableware • Nuclear technology and radiation
• Glass blocks, glass roofing tiles, etc. research.
Crushed Glass Bottle art

DECOR
Glass planters
Glass Jewellery
Glass Vases design

DECOR
Lamps and Chandeliers
 Glass Mosiac Lamps

Glass Statues

Glass Hanging

DECOR
GLASS FURNITURE

GLASS SCREEN
DECOR
 GLASS JARS

COSMETICS GLASS BOTTLES

GLASS BOTTLES
PHARMACEUTICALS

PACKAGING
GLASS PLATES

DRINKING GLASSES

GLASS BOWLS
GLASS CUPS

GLASS CROCEKRY

TABLE WARE
 GLASS OVEN DOORS

TV SCREEN

GLASS COOK TOPS

COMPUTER SCREEN
MOBILE SCREEN

APPLIANCES AND ELECTRONICS

GLASS CRAFTS IN INDIA –
NORTHERN & SOUTHERN
 GLASS CRAFT IN INDIA

• Europe first set the stage on fire with the introduction of glass craft and during the Middle Ages.

• The Chinese artisans mastered the craft borrowing the same from Europe. According to the historical annals, the collaboration of British
East India Company and China was responsible to pioneer the art in India.

• Glass making in India is very old. Reference of glass craft is found in the great epic of Mahabharata. The art of glassware got great impetus
during the medieval period. The credit of introducing the art of glass engraving in India goes to the Mughals.

• Firozabad in the modern era is illustrious for the mass production of bangles though it has enlarged its variety by including decorative items
made out of glass like fancy chandeliers, glass animals a trend conspicuously derived from Europe.

• Saharanpur is famous for glass toys filled with colored liquid called "Panchkora". "Phials", jars, bottles, chimney lamps made of glass are
of huge demand and are offered in wide range of variety.

• India, in recent times has retrieved its position in glass bead and several glass bead factories are situated in Varanasi. The specialty of the glass
art of Varanasi is glass beads and a type of thin glass which is popular as "Tikuli". The usage and technique of "Tikuli" is found in the
decorative works in Patna. The exclusive design shapes and tint makes the Indian glass art unique.
• Glass is one of the most unique material, which can shaped and molded into various shapes, size and designs.
• The glass making technology was believed to be accidentally created or buy product of metal.
• Glass is thought to have come to India by the Mughal Rulers, the existence of Glass in India have been dated over 2000 years by the
archaeologist who discovered glass in Uttar Pradesh, glass was mainly used as Chandeliers, glass vials for perfume which were in
demand by royal courts & nobles for decorating their assembling & drawing rooms.
• Firozabad, a city in Uttar Pradesh of India, has been famous since 17th century for its exquisite production of
glass works, which is popularly known as Glass city, it is located about 240 kms from the capital of India, Delhi
and 40 kms from Agra. The ancient name of this town was Chandwar nagar, the name Firozabad was given in the
regime of Akbar by Faraz Shah Mansab Dar in 1566. The City is stepped deep in the culture of making utility and
decorative items of glass, which is being carried from generations by the master craftsmen’s.
• Glass can be formed or molted into any shape so artisans were able to create a wide range of products like glass toys, candle stand,
Christmas hangings, flower vase glass, chandeliers, bangles, street ware and scientific lab products.
 Glass Bangles - Firozabad
Making of bangles - Uttar Pradesh

• The Glass industries in Firozabad is been able to provide indigenous need as well as international demand by producing variety of
products, In Firozabad entire community is engaged in glass manufacture. It is a one of a kind cluster producing bangles, and catering to
the growing demands and requirement in India, there are approximately 150 bangle making in the city.
• The manufacturing of glass bangles is different in technique as it required highly skilled labor work, with the mixing of materials like
sand, ash, lime and melting in a furnace with temperatures around 1350 °C.
Glass Bangles - Firozabad
Making of bangles - Uttar Pradesh
• Making Process
The making process of glass bangles requires great patience, because skilled Artisans mix borax,
sand, lime stone in a suitable proportion and fed manually into a furnace and are melted in and around
temperatures of 1300 to1400 C to obtain molten glass.
• The molten glass is then drawn from the inside of the furnace to form a glob of molten glass, he then
passes to another artisan who shapes the molten glass to a conical shape, Then it is taken to another
furnace where he rotates the semi fused glob to form a roughly cylindrical shape by rotating the rod,
finally it’s been taken to another furnace, where there artisan works in synchronization.
• The first artisan rotates a long iron rod at a constant speed, then a thin filament of glass is placed on
the rotating iron rod, constant turning/ rotation gives the glass a spiral shape.
• And then the uneven, wastage of glass is cut off at regular intervals with an abrasive tool.
MAKING PROCESS
Glass bridge in Bihar

Bihar has built an interesting 200 ft glass bridge which will be inaugurated next
year in Rajgir, Nalanda district. Set amid five hills, the bridge will
offer adventure seekers the much-needed thrill. With this glass bridge, the state is
hoping to increase the footfall of both domestic and international visitors.

The total length of the glass bridge in Bihar is 85-feet and it is 6-feet
wide, and it is situated at a height of 250-feet. "It is inspired by the
famous glass bridge in China.
While the safari will take tourists inside the dense forests of Rajgir, the
ropeway will also have around 18 glass covered cabins. Every cabin will
have a capacity for eight tourists and will cover a distance of 750 m in
five minutes.
GLASS CRAFT IN SOUTH INDIA

• Asian references from the earlier part of the first millennium BCE refer to
glass (kancha) most often as finished, mostly ornamental objects: glass as
a form of female ornament; glass beads for decorating the manes and
tails of horses; glass beads worn by women; shoes ornamented with
glass.

• The Indo-Pacific glass bead manufactured in one South Indian village,

these are tiny drawn monochrome beads, made by the lada method, that is,
by pulling thin tubes of glass from a heated mass of hollowed glass and
then slicing the tubes into beads that are rarely more than 6 mm in diameter
and length.

• The lada is a long hollow metal pipe which, in conjunction with a

mobile inner rod known as the Chetek , makes it possible to produce
very narrow glass tubes that in turn are cut into large quantities of
tiny beads (unlike wound beads, which are made individually).
• The Glass molten product is drawn to make the bangles. Until recently
the villagers also made their own glass, but now they acquire glass from
workshops in north India, probably in response to diminishing fuel
supplies, among other factors. But it also worth noting that another source
for Jangalapalli's raw glass is the nearby Indo-Pacific bead making village
of Papanaidupet of Andhra Pradesh where beads are still made and whose
producers give their glass waste to Jangalapalli.

KAKINADA GLASS BRIDGE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

• When tourists or people go on the bridge, they can experience its shaking.
When pedestrians walk on the bridge, they will get a feeling of walking on
water due to the reflection of water on the glass.
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