ZEROTH REVIEW

BY
VIGNESHWARAN 19BME0709
KISHOREKUMAR V 19BME0714
INTERLAMINA
R TENSILE
STRENGTH FOR
ULTEM 9085
INTRODUCTION ABOUT ULTEM:
• ULTEM was developed in the 1980s by Joseph Wirth at General Electric’s Plastics Division,
which was acquired in 2007 by SABIC. Compared to PEEK, ULTEM has a lower impact
strength and useable temperature, but it’s also significantly cheaper. And just because it isn’t
quite as strong as PEEK does not mean it’s a slouch. ULTEM’s tensile strength is 15,200 psi
and it has a flexural modulus of 480,000 psi. It has very high heat resistance, maintaining
most of its physical properties in temperatures as high as 170°C. Additionally, it has a high
dielectric strength and can go through thousands of cycles in a steam-based sterilization
autoclave without degradation. Its strength-to-weight ratio is also quite similar to that of
aluminum and it can be machined with conventional metalworking tools.
CONTINUATION ABOUT ULTEM:

• Those mechanical and thermal properties are ideal for a number of demanding applications,
from aerospace to medical to electrical. Indeed, ULTEM holds several aerospace
certifications and is FDA compliant. In planes and rockets, ULTEM is used in ventilation
systems, latches and hinges, and cable ducts. Medical professionals and research scientists
often use instruments made from the material, and electrical component manufacturers use
ULTEM in connectors, insulation parts, and chip test sockets.
ABOUT ULTEM 9085

• ULTEM 9085 resin is a flame-retardant high-performance thermoplastic for

digital manufacturing and rapid prototyping. It is ideal for the transportation
industry due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and its FST (flame, smoke and
toxicity) rating.
• This unique material’s certifications make it an excellent choice for the
commercial transportation industry – specifically aerospace, marine and ground
vehicles.
ULTEM PROPERTIES:

• Very high strength-to-weight ratio. 

• ULTEM 9085 offers comparable impact strength to metal parts like aluminium but can be
made much lighter.
• High thermal resistance. 
• ULTEM 9085 has a heat deflection temperature of 167°C.
• Inherently flame retardant. FST-compliant and certified for aircraft components.
• Chemical resistance. Resistant to a wide range of chemicals (e.g. alcohols, automotive fluids
& aqueous solutions).

BY.
APPLICATIONS:
• The properties of ULTEM 9085 make it an ideal for aerospace and automotive applications, providing high-
performance parts and a lightweight alternative to metal. 
• The most important property of ULTEM 9085 must be the high strength-to-weight ratio. 
• Because this is extraordinary high for a plastic based material, its applications can be found in the aerospace and
automotive industries. 
• Applications of ULTEM 9085 are found in places where the weight of an object significantly has an effect on the
cost of operation but object-strength is of the utmost importance.  
• Examples of this can be found in aircrafts where weight of the aircraft directly correlates to the amount of fuel
consumed.
• Besides these industrial applications, ULTEM 9085 can also be used to 3D print interior components, ductwork or
electrical enclosures.
RECOMMENTED PRINTER SETTINGS:

• Extruder Temperature (all metal extruder necessary): 350 – 390°C

• Print Bed Temperature: 130 – 160°C
• Print bed adhesion: Perf board, Kapton tape or Lightly sanded FR4
• Heated Enclosure: YES, this is required, the printing of ULTEM performs best in a hot
build environment
• Printing speed: 20-30 mm/s

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING(FDM):
• Fused deposition modeling is an additive manufacturing technology that creates 3D
components using a continuous thermoplastic or composite material thread in filament
form. An extruder feeds the plastic filament through an extruding nozzle, where it is
melted and then selectively deposited layer by layer onto the build platform in a
predetermined automated path.
• FDM, also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is a Material extrusion
 technology, one of the seven main types of additive manufacturing technologies. FDM
is the most widely used 3D printing technique, with the most 3D printer users globally,
and is typically the first 3D printing technology to which people are exposed.
HOW FDM
WORKS ??
FDM PRINTER OVERVIEW:
•  It consists of two extruding nozzles on linear slides, a
build platform on another linear slide and supports for
plastic filament spools.The extruders are called Model
and Support extruders. As the name implies, the model
extruder prints the material for the 3D shape while the
support extruder prints the supports. They can either have
the same material or different materials. Hobbyist printers
have a single extruder and use the same material for both
model and support.
FDM PROCESS
STEP:
Part preparation step:
• The first few steps are similar to any 
other additive manufacturing technology and start with 
build preparation software. The initial stage is to import
the design file, then choose options for the build such as
layer height, orientation and infill percentage. The
software then computes sections and slices the part into
several layers. The program then creates extruder paths
and building instructions based on the sectioning data to
drive the extrusion heads.
FDM machine set-up
step:
• Then printer is loaded with a thermoplastic filament
spool for both model and support extruders. Generally,
the build platform is heated and maintained at a higher
temperature to control the cooling of the extruded
material. Extruders are heated and when the nozzle
reaches the required temperature, the head will start
pushing and melting the filament into a small ribbon
roughly the size of a human hair.
FDM printing step

• The extrusion head gantry and the build platform are on a

three-axis system, which allows the nozzle tip to move in
three directions in space. The extruder will start depositing
the material layer by layer in predefined areas to cool and
solidify. Sometimes the material cooling is assisted using
cooling fans mounted to the extrusion. head multiple
passes are necessary to fill a region within a layer. When
the gantry completes a layer, the build platform or the
heads will move the Z-axis by the layer height. Then the
above process starts again to deposit a new later. This
procedure continues until all the layers are built.
FDM part removal
and Post-processing
• Like any other 3D printing process, the next stage involves
removing the part from the build platform and cleaning
them by removing all supports.

• Part can be then further processed remove any remaining

supports and finish to suit the end application.

Temperature
and build
speed
The nozzle and build platform
temperature, build speed, layer
height and cooling fan speed are all
adjustable in most FDM systems.
These are often set by the printing
service provider and varies with the
material.
• Build volume : 
Build volume is the biggest part the machine can build. A DIY
3D printer’s build volume is typically 200 x 200 x 200 mm,
while industrial machines can have build volumes as large as
1000 x 1000 x 1000 mm. Consider the build volume of the
printer you will be using during the design. Remember larger
model can also be printed in smaller chunks and might be better
in terms of cooling.
• Layer height:
The layer height used in FDM ranges between 0.02 mm and 0.4
mm. Reduced layer height generates smoother components and
more correctly captures curved geometries, but a larger layer
height make parts print faster and at a lesser cost.
FDM ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE:
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
• FDM is the most cost-effective method of manufacturing bespoke • When compared to other 3D printing methods,
thermoplastic components and prototypes.
FDM has the lowest dimensional accuracy and
• Due to the lower cost of FDM printers and wide availability, the
resolution, making it unsuitable for items with
lead times are minimal and cheaper than other additive
manufacturing processes. delicate features.
• The technology is aesthetically pleasing, easy to use, and • Because FDM items are prone to noticeable layer
appropriate for the workplace. lines, post-processing is essential for a smooth
• Mechanical and environmental stability are provided by supported finish.
production-grade thermoplastics.
• FDM technology makes complex shapes and voids that would
• Because of the layer adhesion technique, FDM
otherwise be impractical possible. components are inherently anisotropic.
INTERLAMINAR TENSILE
STRENGTH:

 Interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) is one of the interlaminar properties which gives an
indication of delamination onset in through the thickness loading for composite structures,
while fracture toughness is another property which gives information about the propagation
of delamination. 

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

BY FOUR POINT BENDING:

• Flexural strength, or bend strength, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The flexural
strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms
of stress.  Three and four point bend tests are commonly used to determine the flexural strength of a specimen.
• When a specimen is bent, it experiences a range of stresses across its depth. At the edge of the concave face of the
specimen (point A), the stress will be at its maximum compressive value. At the convex face of the specimen (point
B), the stress will be at its maximum tensile value. Most materials fail under tensile stress before they fail under
compressive stress, so the maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained before the specimen fails is its flexural
strength.  The flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength if the material were homogeneous.  In the
case of bones, the complex structure and small defects within the specimen serve to concentrate stresses locally,
effectively causing localized weaknesses and lower flexural strength values.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

FOUR POINT BEND PROCESS: