DC machines and transformer

Unit-II
 The significance of Back EMF
The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes
the motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque
required by the load.

• When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome the friction
and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back emf is nearly
equal to the applied voltage.
• If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced
and hence the back emf Eb falls. 
• The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through the armature and larger
current means increased driving torque.
• Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing
down when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required
by the load.
Torque equation
Nm

Vt = Eb + IaRa

Vt = Eb + Ia (Ra +Rse)

Ise = Ia
Vt = Eb + IaRa
Is = Ish + Ia

Vt = Eb + Ise Rse + IaRa

Ise = Is
Is = Ish + Ia
Vt = Eb+ Ia(Ra+Rse)

IL = Ish+ Ia
 Characteristics of DC Series motor

Eb = Vt - IaRa 𝑽 𝒕 − 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂
𝐓 𝐞 =𝛟𝐩 𝐈𝐚 𝑵=
𝑰𝒂
𝐄𝐛=𝐤 𝛟𝐩 𝐍
α Ise α Ia Tse = I a  =  √ T se
𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝑽𝒕
Tse = 𝑵= 𝑵= −𝐑 𝐚
𝝓𝒑 √ T se
 Characteristics of DC Shunt motor

E b = V t - Ia Ra 𝑽 𝒕 − 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂
𝑵=
𝒌
𝐓 𝐞 =𝐤 𝐈 𝐚 𝐄𝐛=𝐤 𝐍
Tse =
𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝑽 𝒕 T se 𝑹 𝒂
𝑵= 𝑵= −
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
 Characteristics of cumulative compound motor

Eb = Vt - IaRa Eb = Vt - IaRa
𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝐕 𝐭 −𝐈 𝐚 𝐑 𝐚
𝑵= 𝑵=
𝐓 𝐞 =(𝛟 𝒔𝒉 +𝛟 𝒔𝒆 )𝐈 𝐚 𝐓 𝐞 =(𝛟 𝒔𝒉 − 𝛟 𝒔𝒆 )𝐈𝐚 (𝛟 𝒔𝒉 +𝛟 𝒔𝒆 ) (𝛟 𝒔𝒉 −𝛟 𝒔𝒆 )
𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚
𝐓 𝐞 =(𝒌+𝐈 𝒂 )𝐈 𝐚 𝐓 𝐞 =(𝒌− 𝐈 𝒂 )𝐈 𝐚 𝑵= 𝑵=
(𝒌+𝐈 𝒂 ) (𝒌− 𝐈 𝒂 )
Three point starter
Four point starter
Speed control of DC motor

𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚
𝑵= ……………(1)
𝝓𝒑

𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚
𝑵= ……………(2)
𝒌

𝑽 𝒕 −𝐈 𝐚 𝐑……………(3)
𝐚
𝑵=
𝝓𝒑

𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚
𝑵= ……………(4)
𝒌
Speed control of DC motor
(𝐑 𝐚 +𝐑 ¿ ¿𝒆𝒙𝒕 )
𝑵 =𝐕 𝐭 −𝐈𝐚 ¿……………(6)
𝐕 𝐭 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝒌
𝑵= ……………(5)
𝒌

(𝐑 𝐚 +𝐑 ¿ ¿ 𝒆𝒙𝒕……………(7)
)
𝑵 =𝐕 𝐭 −𝐈 𝐚 ¿
𝝓𝒑