Introduction to Digital

Concept / Technology

Analog and Digital Systems

Functions of Digital Circuit
Binary Digit and Digital Waveforms

1
 Introduction
Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad
categories
1. Digital
2. Analog

Digital electronic involves quantities with discrete

values
Analog electronic involves quantities with continuous
values.

2
 Analog
Having continuous values
Example :
– Air temperature changes over a continuous range of values
– 70 °, 70.5 °, 70.6 ° up to 71°
– Takes all the infinite values in between

3
 Digital
Having a discrete set of values
Example :
– Temperature is sampled values at discrete points in time (every
hour) over a 24 – hour period.

4
 Advantages of digital
Digital data can be processed and transmitted more
efficiently and reliably than analog data.
Digital data has a great advantage when storage is
necessary.
Example : Music when converted to digital form can be
stored more compactly and reproduced with greater
accuracy and clarity than analog form.
Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not affect
digital data than nearly as much as it does analog signals.

5
 An Analog Electronic System
PA system (public address)  amplify sound so that it can
be heard by large audience.

6
 An Analog Electronic System
Sound wave, which are analog in nature, are picked up by
a microphone and converted to a small analog voltage
called audio signal.
The voltage varies continuously as the volume and
frequency of the sound changes and is applied to the input
of linear amplifier.
The output of the amplifier, which is an increased
reproduction of input voltage goes to speaker.
The speaker changes the amplified audio signal back to
sound wave that have much greater volume than the
original sound waves picked up by the microphone.

7
System using Digital and Analog
Compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in
which both digital and analog circuits are used.

8
System using Digital and Analog
Music in digital form is stored on the compact disc.
A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data from
the rotating disc and transfer it to the digital – to – analog
converter (DAC).
The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal
that is an electrical reproduction of the original music.
This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker.

9
 Binary Digits
Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which
there are only two possible states.
These states are represented by two different voltage
levels:
– HIGH
– LOW

10
 Binary Digits
Codes - combinations of the two states in digital system
- represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic characters,

and other types of information.

Binary – two – state number system.
- the two digits are 1 and 0
Bit – binary digit

11
 Binary Digits
Two digits in binary system, 1 and 0, are called bits.
Two different voltage levels are used to represent the two
bits.
1 represents higher voltage, refer as HIGH.
0 represents lower voltage level, refer as LOW.
It is called positive logic.

12
 Logic Levels
Voltages used to represent 1 and 0 are called logic levels.
One voltage represents HIGH and another voltage level
represents LOW.

13
 Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are
changing back and forth between the HIGH and LOW
levels of states.

14
 Digital Waveforms
Pulse : has two edges
– Leading edge
– Trailing edge
Nonideal pulse

15
 Waveform Characteristic
Periodic (square wave)

Nonperiodic

16
 Waveform Characteristic
Periodic pulse waveform is one that repeat itself at a fixed
interval, called a period (T).
Frequency (f) is the rate at which it repeats and is
measured in hertz (Hz).

tw – pulse width
T - period

17