ELEMENTS AND

PRINCIPLES OF ART

CHAPTER 4
1
Visual Elements
× The Element of
Line
× Horizontal
Lines
× Vertical Lines
× Zigzag Lines
× Curved Lines
× Actual Lines
and Implied
Lines

2
Elements of Color
× Color is the most expressive
element of art.
× It shares powerful connection
with emotion.
× Color enhance beauty in all
things.
× It plays a vital role in art as it
impact aesthetics and
emotional aspect of the
viewer.
3
Physical Properties of Color
× Hue. This refers to the name for
which the color is known. Hue is
identified by the wavelength of
light physically given by the color.
× Value. The value of a color refers to
its lightness and darkness, whether
there is an absence of white or
black. Hues can exist in different
degrees of values
× Intensity or Saturation. This
property of color refers to how
Additive and Subtractive colors (Image Source
pure the color is. Google.com)

4
 Want big impact?
Use big image.

5 Google.com)
The Color Wheel (Image Source
Colors and Emotions
× Results showed that colors can enhance one’s
mood because the physiology of our brain has
reaction to the presence of colors transmitted by
the visual system. Warm, bright colors make us
happy and excite us while cool colors relax us
and encourage us to take it slow. Reds, pinks, and
yellows stimulate us, making us fell warm and
passionate; greens and blues on the other hand,
suggest calmness and peace.

6
Elements of Shapes
× Geometric shapes are regular and
precise and present an industrial
feel to the viewer.
× Organic shapes are said to have a
natural appearance and are usually
curvilinear and irregular
× Biomorphic shapes manifest some
qualities of biological organisms
whereas amorphous shape exist
without any basis from either
nature or geometry Examples of geometric and organic shapes
(Image Source
7
Shape and the Content of the
Composition
× Artists utilize shapes as a way to
convey what they initially think,
imagine, or feel.
× When using shapes, artists express
their ideas and not as an objective
representation of the outside world
which then reflects their personality
rather than what is considered to be
objective reality.
× Artists usually associate shapes with
something consciously or
unconsciously significant in their
psyche. 8
Elements of Space
× Space is a tricky
element of the visual
arts.
× Physiological
Perception of
Space
× The Illusion of
Space
× The Effect of
Space
× The Element of
Value
× Achromatic An artwork showing overlapping of objects
Value 9
Physiological Perception of
Space
× According to Ocvirk (2002), there are
two processes involved in the
psychological aspect of space.
× The former gives viewers with a
perception of depth because of
the distance between the two
eyes.
× The latter, on the other hand,
involves the moment of the eyes
when looking at or viewing the
object. It was observed that
more ocular movements occur
when the object is near, and less
when the object is far.
10
The Illusion of Space

× Artists have been endlessly seeking

ways to present depth or distance
in a two-dimensional artwork.
× Overlapping. The tendency is
objects that are near will be
seen as complete or whole
while objects that are far
would be partly covered by
objects in front of them. This
gives the impressions of near
and distant objects allowing
the viewer to perceive space
in the composition.
11
The Illusion of Space (cont.)

× Artists have been endlessly seeking

ways to present depth or distance
in a two-dimensional artwork.
× Relative Size and Linear
Perspective. Objects that are
big will be perceived as near
compared with objects that
are far. The premise is: the
farther the object is from the
viewer, the smaller is the size
of the object.
Relative size and Linear Perspective 12
The Illusion of Space (cont.)
× Artists have been endlessly
seeking ways to present depth
or distance in a two-
dimensional artwork.
× Atmospheric Perspective.
This is also known as an
aerial perspective. The
illusion of depth is
created by techniques
known as gradient (a
gradual-change). Artwork showing atmospheric perspective: Banks of
the Seine in Autumn, oil painting by Alfred Sisley; in
the Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Image
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica) 13
The Effect of Space

× Space as an element of the visual

art have fascinated both the artists
and the viewers

14
The Element of Value (Light and Shadow)

× The visual art is known

particularly because of the
element of light. Light makes
viewing any artwork possible,
and it is sad to say that without
light this cannot be done. On the
part of the artist, he does not
only make sure that his work is
viewed under appropriate
lighting but also explores how he
may use this characteristic of
light to add quality and depth to
his composition.
15
Achromatic Value

× When light falls on an object,

the lights rays do not shine
equally on all parts of the
object, and on the area where
light is blocked by the object ,
a cast shadow results. Cast Achromatic tonal scale (Image Source The Art Verve
shadows may have different Academy)
degrees of values ranging
from grey to black

16
Element of Texture
× Texture is derived from Latin
for “weaving” (Fichner, 2013).
It usually refers to the feel of
the surface of woven fabrics.
× Texture is derived from Latin
for “weaving” (Fichner, 2013).
It usually refers to the feel of
the surface of woven fabrics.
× Looking and feeling surfaces
can give descriptions, like
smooth, rough, soft, hard,
cold, and warm.
17
Types of Texture
× There are four basic types of
texture; actual, simulated,
abstract, and invented
texture (Ocvirk, 2002).
× Actual Texture. This type
of texture refers to the
real feel and look of the
surface of the object.
The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh (Image Source
momalearning)

18
Types of Texture (cont.)
× Simulated Texture.
This type of texture
refers to a surface
that looks real but is
not (Ocvirk, 2002).
Simulated texture is a
skill of the artist to
exactly copy reality.

Examples of textures, as drawn with a pencil (Image

Source https://annhjelle.wordpress.com/assignments-
2/zproj-08-texture-exercise/)
19
Types of Texture (cont.)
× Abstract Texture. In
this type of texture, the
artist would focus on
one aspect of the real
texture and emphasize
it, thus, modifying the
texture of the whole
composition

Wassily Kandinsky - Untitled (First Abstract

Watercolor), 1910. Watercolor and Indian ink and
pencil on paper. 19.5 × 25.5. Centre Georges
20
Pompidou, Paris (Image Source IDEELART)
Types of Texture (cont.)
×Invented
Texture. This texture is
a product of the
artist’s imagination.
This presentation is
usually seen in
abstract artworks.
Though solely from
the artist’s mind,
invented texture may
still represent
something that is real. Example of invented texture (Image Source Slideshare) 21
The Element of Time and Motion Actual Movement.
× Motions occurs In this type or
through time artwork, the artist
(Fichner, 2008). incorporates actual
× Motions can show movement in art
direct actions in known as kinetic
which movement is
perceived
art.
immediately or show
an intended path for
the viewer to follow
to achieve the effect
of motion across the
visual field.
22
The Element of Time and Motion
(cont.)
× Implied Movement. To show
implied movement in art, a
variety of lines may be used
together with some degree
of repetition, changes in the
position, scale or size of the
objects, and varying
proportions that can create
the perception of movement
or passing time in a two-
dimensional piece of static
art.
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase (No.
2), 1912, oil on canvas, 57 7/8 x 35 1/8 (151.8 x 93.3
cm) (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
23
ARTWORK ANALYSIS
× The analysis would turn away from erratic, whimsical, purely subjective,
and impressionistic readings of the artwork.
× Semiotic (Name of the artist, title of the work, year the work was
created, dimension or size, medium or technique, location of the
work, whose collection or gallery). This is like a credit line, which
lists important facts about a work of art
× Iconic (Subject- type, kind, source, and how the artist describes the
subject).
× Contextual (Meaning of the work, symbols, ideas, concepts). The
work of art may contain references and allusions, direct or indirect,
to historical figures and events, as well as to religious, literary, and
philosophical ideas and values, which are part of the meaning of
the work.
24
 Semiotic
Title: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande
Jatte
Artists: Georges-Pierre SEURAT
Dimensions: 2.08 m x 3.08 m (81.7 in x 121.5 in)
Location: Art Institute of a Chicago Building
Genre: History painting
Medium: Oil on canvas
Periods: Pointillism, Neo-impressionism
Year: 1884-1886
Subject: People relaxing at La Grande Jatte, Paris

Contextual:
Seurat uses the technique of optical color mixture, also known as
pointillism or divisionism, to really accent and express his ideas and
originality. When dots of pure color are placed closed together, they
blend and create the illusion of some other hues. Using newly
discovered optical and color theories, Seurat rendered his subject by
placing tiny, precise brushstrokes of different colors close to one
another so that they blend at a distance.
Over the past several decades, many scholars have attempted to
explain this meaning of great composition. For some it shows the
growing middle class at leisure. Others see it as a representation of
social tension between modern city dwellers of different social classes,
who gathered in the same public space but are not communicating or
interacting.
Iconic:
Seurat spent two years working on his most famous work,
composed of tiny dots of contrasting of complementary colors
intended to fuse in the viewer’s eye a vibrant effect. The artist
depicted people, city dwellers, gathered and relaxing in a suburban
park on an island in the Seine River called La Grande Jatte. On an
enormous canvas, the artist depicted all kinds of people stroll,
lounge, sail, and fish in the park. The picture was unusual in
showing people belonging to different social classes frequenting
the same park on an island in the Seine.
The artwork itself highlighted the controlled surface of the painting,
the use of aerial perspective, which gives an impression of space,
and Seurat’s deeply shadowed foreground that leads into a light,
bright distance. 25
Rule of Thirds
× Rule of third suggests that
you should imagine a tic-
tac-toe or a pick-pack-
boom board on the frame
of the picture. It involves
mentally dividing up your
image using two horizontal
lines and two vertical lines. The horizon and main subject in this photo have been
positioned near lines or intersections for maximum impact.
Image by K Praslowicz. Image source: Photography Mad

26
How to use Rule of Thirds?
× This image shows vertical
subjects, such as this lighthouse,
which can split a photo in two, in
much the same way as a horizon
can do horizontally. To avoid this,
position them off-centre in your
composition. Clearly then, the Image by Dennis Jarvis
rule of third assists the artist in
harmonizing areas of greater
visual mass with areas of negative
space

Image by muskva
27
 PRINCIPLES OF ART
× 1. Balance
a. Symmetrical: also known as formal balance, as two
equal parts of the pictorial plane of an artwork placed
like mirror images of each other. The similarity is too
precise that each half is seen one and the same.

b. Asymmetrical: also known as informal balance, where

elements on either side of a composition do not reflect
one another or when several smaller items on one side
are balanced by a large item on the other side , or
smaller items are placed further away from the center of Types of balance in art
the screen than larger items. (Image Source art class
curator
c. Radial Symmetry: balance where all elements radiate out
from a center point in a circular fashion to all four
quadrants of the shape’s constraining plane.
28
 PRINCIPLES OF ART
× Harmony
× In the principles of
design, this can be
described as
sameness, the
belonging of one thing
with another.
× In this example of
unity in art, Botero
creates unity through
subject matter,
through rhythm, and
through repetition of Fernando Botero, The
form, shape, and color. Musicians, 1991 (Image
Source artclasscurator) 29
× Proportion
× This is the size relationship of forms and
shapes

Proportion in art (Image

Source artclasscurator) 30
× Dominance/ Emphasis
× This happen when the artist creates an area
of the composition that is visually dominant
and commands the viewer’s attention. This is
often achieved by contrast.

31
× Variety
× that refers to a way of
combining visual
elements to achieve
intricate and complex
relationships. It is a
technique used by artists
who wish to increase the
visual interest of their
work. How to show variety in art
(Image Source art classcurator)

32
× Movement
× This is the result of using
the elements of art such
that they move the
viewer’s eyes around and
within the image. A sense
of movement can be
created by diagonal or
curvy lines, either real or
implied, by edges, by the
illusion of space, by
repetition, by energetic
How to show movement in art (Image Source artclasscurator)
mark-making.
33
× Rhythm
×In the principles of
design, this is a continuance,
a flow or a feeling of
movement achieved by the
repetition of regulated visual
information.
×In this rhythm example,
the artist uses pattern,
repetition of line, and
contrast between curved Tughra (Official Signature) of Sultan Süleiman the
and straight lines to create Magnificent (r. 1520–66) (Image Source
artclasscurator
rhythm in art. 34
Elements of Art:
Auditory
× Music is considered as tangible.
× It is defined as the arrangement of sounds to
create a continuous and unified composition.
× There are two dominant musical traditions:
× Popular music
× Classical music

35
Popular Music
× This involves the use of electric instruments to
enhance instrumental and vocal sounds.
× Associated with person or group of people
singing.
× It has strong beats which gives us a tendency to
move with with.

36
Classical Music
× It uses instruments (frequently) to generate
sounds.
× It has a duration of 30-40 minutes.
× It has a reputation of belonging to the upper
class.
× It transcends what is physical material and dwells
in intellectual and spiritual which makes it also
unique.
37
Elements of Music
× Rhythm
× Has something to do with pattern and time
× Three qualities (tempo, meter and
rhythmic pattern)
× Tempo- fastness and slowness of music
× Meter- unit of time that made up of
accented and unaccented beats or pulses

38
Elements of Music
× Melody
× refers to the succession of consecutive
notes or tones that changes in pitch and
duration
× It is considered to carry the overall theme of
music

39
Elements of Music
× Harmony
× Refers to the combination of different tones
or pitches played or sung together.
× It involves playing chords successfully.

40
Elements of Music
× Texture
× Refers to the relationship of melodic and
harmonic lines in music
× Music can be monophonic, homophonic or
polyphonic
× Monophonic- one melodic line
× Homophonic- consist of one to two
melodic lines.
× Polyphonic- more melodic lines that
seem independent
41
Elements of Music
× Dynamics
× Refers to the degree of softness and
loudness of music.
× Includes the changing from soft to loud (vice
versa)

42
Elements of Music
× Timbre
× Refers to the tone (quality of sound
generated by an instrument or by a voice)
× Each instrument produces different quality
of sound.
× Quality of amplitude of overtones produced
by the instrument.

43
Classification of Musical Instruments
× Western Orchestra
× String woodwind
× Brass
× Percussion
× Idiophones- sounds produced when body of the instrument itself vibrates.
× Membranophones- sounds produced membranes that are tightly stretched over a part of the instruments
× Chordophones- this involves the use of stretched strings to produce sound.
× Aerophones- sound produced when air vibrates.
× Electrophones- instruments generate sound though materials or sources electrical signals that are transmitted
to a loudspeaker to release a sound.

44
Forms
× Refers to the arrangement of musical events or
themes throughout the composition.
× Strophic (A-A-A-A)
× Binary (A-B)
× Ternary (A-B-A)
× Rondo (A-B-A-C-A, A-B-A-C-A-B-A, or A-B-A-
C-A-D-A).
× Theme and Variation (A-A1-A2-A3-A4).
× Sonata-allegro

45
Historical Genres of
Classical Music
× Middle Ages (476-1450)- music was generally
sung or played in three places: inside the
monastery, inside the cathedral, and at the
court.
× Renaissance Period (1450-1600)
× A change in music and text was
augmented.
× The text is supported by the sound of
music.
46
Baroque Music
× Early Baroque Music (1600-1710)
× The common characteristics of music
this time was the presence of strong
basso supporting the melody with a
repetitive rhythmic pattern.
× Late Baroque
× The melodic pattern showed a more
progressive development compared
with music

47
Classical Period
Music
× Classical Period Music refers to musical
compositions written in 1750-1820. Melodies
during this period had short but balanced
phrases, which were inspired by vocal style.

48
Romantic Music
× Romanticism is associated with love,
idealism, nature, and expressiveness.
× Music during this period had more
flexible melodies that were also
irregular in shape compared with
music during the Classical Period
× Harmonic patterns during this period
were more colorful and richer
because of using chromaticism, a
technique involving the use of notes
that were different from the scale
upon which the musical composition
was based. 49
Impressionism
× Impressionism (1880-1920) was a
transition from Romanticism to
Modernism in music.
× It involves the use of dabs of
unmixed colors and applying it using
quick stroke to portray the effect of
natural light on the subject matter.
× The typical harmonic pattern of
impressionist music was static and
repetitive.

50
Modern Music
× Music created from 1900 to the
present day.
× Symphonies, solo concertos,
choral music, ballet music, opera
and string quartets are typical
genres during the Modern period.

51
Postmodern Music
× Postmodernism (1945-present)
overlaps with modernism. Ultimately,
postmodernism is considered as art
that has gone beyond tradition and
modernism. It embraces even the
ordinary.
× Postmodern music does not have any
common genre. In fact, each
composition belongs to a unique
genre. We cannot simply generalize
postmodern composition in terms of
style.
52
� Now you can use any emoji as an icon!
And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the color.

�
How? Follow Google instructions
https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328

✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤
😂😉😋😒😭👶😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨
🎃🎈🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more...
53